Cited by 501Criminal Justice and Corrections AnalysisLabor market dynamics and wage inequalityNames, Identity, and Discrimination Research

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The Labor Market Consequences of Incarceration

Western, Bruce, Kling, Jeffrey R., Weiman, David F.·2001·Crime & Delinquency

DOI 10.1177/0011128701047003007

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Abstract

Rapid growth in the incarceration rate over the past two decades has made prison time a routine event in the life course of young, economically disadvantaged Black and Hispanic men. Although incarceration may now have large effects on economic inequality, only a few studies systematically examine the labor market experiences of ex-offenders. We review the mechanisms that plausibly link incarceration to employment and earnings and discuss the challenges of causal inference for a highly self-selected sample of criminal offenders. There is little consensus about the labor market effects of a variety of justice system sanctions, but there is consistent evidence for the negative effects of prison time on earnings, particularly among older or white-collar offenders. The labor market effects of incarceration are not yet well understood, but prior research suggests several promising avenues for future work.

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Authors: Western, B., Kling, J. R., & Weiman, D. F.
ORCID: Western, Bruce
Venue: Crime & Delinquency
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2001-07
Volume: 47
Issue: 3
Pages: 410-427
ISSN: 0011-1287 (ISSN-L)
1552-387X
DOI: 10.1177/0011128701047003007
OpenAlex: W2059585731
Cited by: 499
References: 50
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 27.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Crime & Delinquency (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Labor market dynamics and wage inequality
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research
Keywords: incarceration, labor market outcomes, ex-offenders, earnings, employment, economic inequality, self-selection, causal inference, recidivism

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The Labor Market Consequences of Incarceration

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