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Use of Exploratory Factor Analysis in Published Research: Common Errors and Some Comment on Improved Practice
Abstract
Given the proliferation of factor analysis applications in the literature, the present article examines the use of factor analysis in current published research across four psychological journals. Notwithstanding ease of analysis due to computers, the appropriate use of factor analysis requires a series of thoughtful researcher judgments. These judgments directly affect results and interpretations. The authors examine across studies (a) the decisions made while conducting exploratory factor analyses ( N = 60) and (b) the information reported from the analyses. In doing so, they present a review of the current status of factor analytic practice, including comment on common errors in use and reporting. Recommendations are proffered for future practice as regards analytic decisions and reporting in empirical research.
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“The final solution consisted of 15 items underlying three components that explained 74.3% of the total variance which is above the recommended value of 50% (Henson and Roberts, 2006).”
From Development and Validation of a Theory-Based Questionnaire to Measure Different Types of Cognitive Load (2023) · cites this paper as Henson and Roberts, 2006
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Metadata
- Authors
- Henson, R. K., & Roberts, J. K.
- Affiliations
- University of North Texas (US)
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- ORCID
- Henson, Robin K.
- Venue
- Educational and Psychological Measurement
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2006-06
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 393-416
- ISSN
- 0013-1644 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3888
- OpenAlex
- W2097665571
- Cited by
- 2,454
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 129 · 2025: 164 · 2024: 186 · 2023: 182 · 2022: 184 · 2021: 217 · 2020: 203 · 2019: 163 · 2018: 147 · 2017: 148 · 2016: 137 · 2015: 133 · 2014: 125 · 2013: 74 · 2012: 58
- FWCI
- 44.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Educational and Psychological Measurement (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Keywords
- exploratory factor analysis, psychology journals
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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