Development and Validation of the Prolonged Activation and Anticipatory Race-Related Stress Scale
Abstract
This article describes two separate studies that were conducted to develop and validate a measure of the prolonged stress activation and anticipatory race-related stress response in African American adults (Prolonged Activation and Anticipatory Race-Related Stress Scale [PARS]). In Study 1, an exploratory factor analytic procedure ( N = 292) resulted in a17-item measure with four underlying factors: (a) Perseverative Cognition, (b) Secondary Appraisal, (c) Anticipatory Race-Related Stress Scale–Psychological, and (d) Anticipatory Race-Related Stress Scale–Physiological. In Study 2 ( N = 227), a confirmatory factor analytic procedure was conducted to evaluate and compare the underlying factor structure for several competing models of the PARS. This procedure supported a four-factor oblique solution as having the best fit to the data. Study 2 also provided evidence for the convergent validity of the PARS in that its factor scores correlated, in the anticipated direction, with scores on measures of related constructs.
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Such neurobiological changes may be precursors to racism-related vigilance and rumination, which are emerging as health risk factors.
“Such neurobiological changes may also be precursors to racism-related vigilance and rumination which are emerging as health risk factors in their own right [406–411].”
From Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2015) · cites this paper as [409]
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Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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- Authors
- Utsey, S. O., Belvet, B., Hubbard, R. R., Fischer, N. L., Opare-Henaku, A., & Gladney, L. L.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- University of Georgia (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Black Psychology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2012-10-15
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 532-559
- ISSN
- 0095-7984 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-4558
- OpenAlex
- W2156893187
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 5 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 7.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Black Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- racial stress, anticipatory stress, African American adults, scale development, factor structure, perseverative cognition, secondary appraisal, physiological stress response, psychological stress response, convergent validity
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