Cited by 71Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchPsychometric Methodologies and TestingAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

Development and Validation of the Prolonged Activation and Anticipatory Race-Related Stress Scale

Utsey, Shawn O., Belvet, Benita, Hubbard, Rebecca R., Fischer, Nicole L., Opare-Henaku, Annabella, Gladney, Leslie L.·2013·Journal of Black Psychology

Abstract

This article describes two separate studies that were conducted to develop and validate a measure of the prolonged stress activation and anticipatory race-related stress response in African American adults (Prolonged Activation and Anticipatory Race-Related Stress Scale [PARS]). In Study 1, an exploratory factor analytic procedure ( N = 292) resulted in a17-item measure with four underlying factors: (a) Perseverative Cognition, (b) Secondary Appraisal, (c) Anticipatory Race-Related Stress Scale–Psychological, and (d) Anticipatory Race-Related Stress Scale–Physiological. In Study 2 ( N = 227), a confirmatory factor analytic procedure was conducted to evaluate and compare the underlying factor structure for several competing models of the PARS. This procedure supported a four-factor oblique solution as having the best fit to the data. Study 2 also provided evidence for the convergent validity of the PARS in that its factor scores correlated, in the anticipated direction, with scores on measures of related constructs.

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Crossref · 10.1177/0095798412461808

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  • Such neurobiological changes may be precursors to racism-related vigilance and rumination, which are emerging as health risk factors.

    “Such neurobiological changes may also be precursors to racism-related vigilance and rumination which are emerging as health risk factors in their own right [406–411].”

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Authors
Utsey, S. O., Belvet, B., Hubbard, R. R., Fischer, N. L., Opare-Henaku, A., & Gladney, L. L.
Affiliations
  • Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
  • Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
  • University of Georgia (US)
Venue
Journal of Black Psychology
Published
2012-10-15
Volume
39
Issue
6
Pages
532-559
ISSN
  • 0095-7984 (ISSN-L)
  • 1552-4558
OpenAlex
W2156893187
Cited by
71
References
56
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 5 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 1
FWCI
7.38
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Journal of Black Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords
racial stress, anticipatory stress, African American adults, scale development, factor structure, perseverative cognition, secondary appraisal, physiological stress response, psychological stress response, convergent validity

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