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Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender
Open accessAbstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is having negative effects on societies’ mental health. Both the pandemic and the measures taken to combat it can affect individuals’ mental health. Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels of depression, anxiety and health anxiety in Turkish society during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to examine the factors affecting these. Method: The study was performed using an online questionnaire. Participants were asked to complete a sociodemographic data form, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Health Anxiety Inventory (HAI). The effects on depression, anxiety and health anxiety levels of factors such as age, sex, marital status, living with an individual aged above 60, the presence of a new Coronavirus+ patient among friends or relatives, previous and current psychiatric illness and presence of accompanying chronic disease were then investigated. Results: In terms of HADS cut-off points, 23.6% ( n = 81) of the population scored above the depression cut-off point, and 45.1% ( n = 155) scored above the cut-off point for anxiety. In regression analysis, female gender, living in urban areas and previous psychiatric illness history were found as risk factors for anxiety; living in urban areas was found as risk factor for depression; and female gender, accompanying chronic disease and previous psychiatric history were found as risk factors for health anxiety. Conclusion: The results of this cross-sectional study suggest that the groups most psychologically affected by the COVID-19 pandemic are women, individuals with previous psychiatric illness, individuals living in urban areas and those with an accompanying chronic disease. Priority might therefore be attached to these in future psychiatric planning.
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“Current medical disease (including psychiatric disorders and substance abuse) (Zhang et al., 2020b, Wang et al., 2020a, Ozdin and Bayrak Ozdin, 2020), and a past medical history (including psychiatric history and substance abuse) (Wang et al., 2020a, Mazza et al., 2020, Li et al., 2020c, Ozdin and Bayrak Ozdin, 2020) were associated with/increased the risk of depression and/or anxiety.”
From COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence (2020) · cites this paper as Ozdin and Bayrak Ozdin, 2020
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In the citing paper
“Furthermore, mental health issues including depression, stress, anxiety (3-8), fear (9-11), physical isolation and feeling alone (12), behavioral issues (4,13), possible posttraumatic stress disorders (3), and burnout (14) can affect large numbers of individuals if these issues are not well addressed.”
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“This finding differs from previous studies which found females to be more prone to feeling anxious (Ebrahim et al., 2020; Liu N. et al., 2020; Özdin and Bayrak Özdin, 2020) and depressed (Özdin and Bayrak Özdin, 2020) during COVID-19.”
From Knowledge of COVID-19 and Its Influence on Mindfulness, Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Psychological Flexibility in the Indian Community (2020) · cites this paper as Özdin and Bayrak Özdin, 2020
In the citing paper
“women experienced higher prevalence rates of anxiety, depressive, and eating pathology symptoms even prior to the pandemic”
From Prevalence rates of anxiety, depressive, and eating pathology symptoms between the pre- and peri-COVID-19 eras: A meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Özdin and Bayrak Özdin, 2020
In the citing paper
“This contrasts with previous studies from Turkey conducted in April 2020 [24], from Spain conducted in March 2020 [25] and from Italy conducted in March 2020 [26], which all reported that chronic disease was associated with higher levels of psychological distress.”
From Worry and mental health in the Covid-19 pandemic: vulnerability factors in the general Norwegian population (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
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Mudenda, S., Chabalenge, B., Mfune, R. L., Nyoni, M., Mumba, A., Haanyanga, T., Skosana, P., Mufwambi, W., AL‐Fayyadh, S., Okoro, R. N., et al. (2023) · Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy · doi:10.36347/sajp.2023.v12i12.008 · Cited by 3
“Additionally, other authors successfully used the HADS to determine anxiety and depression levels during the COVID-19 pandemic [29, 30].”
Özdemir, Y. S., Paker, N., Ataç, N. Ş., Buğdaycı, D. S., & Öneş, K. (2024) · Neuropsychiatrie · doi:10.1007/s40211-024-00490-7 · Cited by 3
Correlating Cyberchondria and Health Anxiety: Demographic Insights from Stable Asthma Patients
Durak, B., & Kaya, A. E. (2024) · European Journal of Therapeutics · doi:10.58600/eurjther2026 · Cited by 3
Rates of Vaccination against COVID-19 in Psychiatric Outpatients
Cvjetković-Bošnjak, M., Kuljančić, D., Vejnović, A.-M., Hinić, D., Knežević, V., Ratković, D., Bosić, V., Vasic, V., Šakić, B., Segan, D., et al. (2024) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm14070748 · Cited by 3
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“…a los trastornos de ansiedad, se han encontrado niveles más altos de depresión en mujeres (Mazza, De Lorenzo et al., 2020; Bruine de Bruin, 2020; Pappa et al., 2020), en habitantes de grandes urbes, en personas con familiares que han sido diagnosticados con la enfermedad (Ni et al., 2020), y…”
BackgroundMental Health Condition During COVID-19 Pandemic in Trained and Non-Trained Adults
Herdyanto, Y., Nurhasan, N., Ardha, M. A. A., Agustia, D., Sholikhah, A. M., & Fathir, L. W. (2020) · Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Arts and Humanities (IJCAH 2020) · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.201201.242 · Cited by 6
“demographic characteristics such as gender or place of origin, as stated by previous study that people living in urban areas, where the probabilities of encountering the virus are tend to develop higher level of depression [10].”
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Sosiodemografi dan tingkat kecemasan mahasiswa pada masa pandemi COVID-19
Intan, V. A., Putri, R. M., & Nisa, H. (2022) · Jurnal Psikologi Sosial · doi:10.7454/jps.2022.04 · Cited by 3
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“ir 192 health (17, 31-36), however, we did not witness a relationship between gender and anxiety and depression”
BackgroundBurnout and anxiety levels in human medicine teachers, COVID-19 context
Ramos, J. G. M., Pérez, M. S. P., LLaguento, F. A. M., & Navarro, E. R. (2022) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.110498.1 · Cited by 3
AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Karabay, M. E., Ensari, M. Ş., & Yurtkoru, E. S. (2022) · International Journal of Education and Social Science Research · doi:10.37500/ijessr.2022.5218 · Cited by 3
COVID-19-related anxiety: the role of intolerance to uncertainty and resilience
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Fitness Merkezi Üyelerinde Covid-19 Korkusu ve Kaygı İlişkisi
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Pets’ impact on people`s well-being in COVID-19: A quantitative study
Kuehne, J., Lieu, J., Kotera, Y., & Taylor, E. (2022) · Journal of Concurrent Disorders · doi:10.54127/fabb9024 · Cited by 3
Mental Health and Psychological Assessment During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Systematic Review
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Fatmawati, F. (2022) · Psikoislamedia Jurnal Psikologi · doi:10.22373/psikoislamedia.v7i1.12305 · Cited by 3
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Depression in older people during the Covid-19 curfew
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Evaluating Factors Related to Health Anxiety in COVID-19 Patients
Kılınçel, O., Tan, E., Altun, F. T., Nuryüz, Ö., Odda Psychology, I., Kurtuluş, E., Kilincel, S., Yazıcı, E., & Ayaz, M. (2021) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.5152/pcp.2021.21057 · Cited by 3
Ansiedad durante la pandemia en ancianos de una población desfavorecida de San Juan de Lurigancho
Tapia, A. C. (2021) · Ágora Revista Científica · doi:10.21679/arc.v8i1.201 · Cited by 3
Koronavirüs Anksiyete Envanteri (KAE): Türkçeye Uyarlama, Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması
Asıcı, E., Sarı, H. B., & Güngör, A. (2021) · Psikoloji Çalışmaları / Studies in Psychology · doi:10.26650/sp2021-860079 · Cited by 3
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“Numerous scales were used to study depression during the COVID-19 pandemic in the general population [e.g., selfrating depression scale (SDS) (22, 23), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) (24), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) (1, 18, 25), Patient Health Questionnaire9 (PHQ-9) (19, 26, 27), Gold…”
BackgroundCoronaphobia: A barrier to ongoing cancer treatment?
Sönmez, Ö., Tezcanli, E. K., Taşçı, E. Ş., Kazancı, H. B., Altinok, A., Toklucu, E., Taşçı, Y., Aydoğdu, Ç., Aydın, A. B., Yüce, S., et al. (2022) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.5907 · Cited by 3
Ahmad, T., Murtaza, B. N., Ahmad, F., Murad, M. A., Baig, M., Imtiaz, A., Baig, F., Baig, J., Siraj, M., & Sagga, A. K. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.768812 · Cited by 3
Fındık, O. T. P., Çeri, V., & Fiş, N. P. (2022) · Marmara medical journal · doi:10.5472/marumj.1121368 · Cited by 2
Estrés percibido en universitarios durante la cuarentena por la COVID-19 en Santander, Colombia
Oliveros, N. A. G., Arguello, D. F. G., Jerez, A. J. Ú., Méndez, S. N. V., & Ramírez, N. V. L. (2022) · Revista de Psicología Universidad de Antioquia · doi:10.17533/udea.rp.e344735 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Özdin, S., & Bayrak Özdin, Ş.
- Affiliations
- Ondokuz Mayıs University (TR)
- Rasathane Family Health Center, Samsun, Turkey
- Corresponding author
- Özdin, Selçuk
- ORCID
- Özdin, Selçuk
- Venue
- International Journal of Social Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2020-05-08
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 504-511
- ISSN
- 0020-7640 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-2854
- PMC
- PMC7405629
- OpenAlex
- W3023698214
- Cited by
- 1,405
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 120 · 2023: 214 · 2022: 397 · 2021: 447 · 2020: 140
- FWCI
- 119.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Social Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety, depression, health anxiety, gender differences, risk factors, psychiatric history, chronic disease, urban residence, Turkish population, mental health
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Anxiety, Attitude to Health, Mental Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Self-Assessment, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Turkey, Urban Population, Comorbidity, Causality, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics
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