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Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender
Open accessAbstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is having negative effects on societies’ mental health. Both the pandemic and the measures taken to combat it can affect individuals’ mental health. Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels of depression, anxiety and health anxiety in Turkish society during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to examine the factors affecting these. Method: The study was performed using an online questionnaire. Participants were asked to complete a sociodemographic data form, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Health Anxiety Inventory (HAI). The effects on depression, anxiety and health anxiety levels of factors such as age, sex, marital status, living with an individual aged above 60, the presence of a new Coronavirus+ patient among friends or relatives, previous and current psychiatric illness and presence of accompanying chronic disease were then investigated. Results: In terms of HADS cut-off points, 23.6% ( n = 81) of the population scored above the depression cut-off point, and 45.1% ( n = 155) scored above the cut-off point for anxiety. In regression analysis, female gender, living in urban areas and previous psychiatric illness history were found as risk factors for anxiety; living in urban areas was found as risk factor for depression; and female gender, accompanying chronic disease and previous psychiatric history were found as risk factors for health anxiety. Conclusion: The results of this cross-sectional study suggest that the groups most psychologically affected by the COVID-19 pandemic are women, individuals with previous psychiatric illness, individuals living in urban areas and those with an accompanying chronic disease. Priority might therefore be attached to these in future psychiatric planning.
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“Current medical disease (including psychiatric disorders and substance abuse) (Zhang et al., 2020b, Wang et al., 2020a, Ozdin and Bayrak Ozdin, 2020), and a past medical history (including psychiatric history and substance abuse) (Wang et al., 2020a, Mazza et al., 2020, Li et al., 2020c, Ozdin and Bayrak Ozdin, 2020) were associated with/increased the risk of depression and/or anxiety.”
From COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence (2020) · cites this paper as Ozdin and Bayrak Ozdin, 2020
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“Furthermore, mental health issues including depression, stress, anxiety (3-8), fear (9-11), physical isolation and feeling alone (12), behavioral issues (4,13), possible posttraumatic stress disorders (3), and burnout (14) can affect large numbers of individuals if these issues are not well addressed.”
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“This finding differs from previous studies which found females to be more prone to feeling anxious (Ebrahim et al., 2020; Liu N. et al., 2020; Özdin and Bayrak Özdin, 2020) and depressed (Özdin and Bayrak Özdin, 2020) during COVID-19.”
From Knowledge of COVID-19 and Its Influence on Mindfulness, Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Psychological Flexibility in the Indian Community (2020) · cites this paper as Özdin and Bayrak Özdin, 2020
In the citing paper
“women experienced higher prevalence rates of anxiety, depressive, and eating pathology symptoms even prior to the pandemic”
From Prevalence rates of anxiety, depressive, and eating pathology symptoms between the pre- and peri-COVID-19 eras: A meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Özdin and Bayrak Özdin, 2020
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“This contrasts with previous studies from Turkey conducted in April 2020 [24], from Spain conducted in March 2020 [25] and from Italy conducted in March 2020 [26], which all reported that chronic disease was associated with higher levels of psychological distress.”
From Worry and mental health in the Covid-19 pandemic: vulnerability factors in the general Norwegian population (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
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BackgroundMental Health Status among Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Iran
Kheradmand, A., Pirsalehi, A., Mahjani, M., & Khoshgoui, B. (2021) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6263 · Cited by 3
Budak, E. A., Karahan, M., & Han, Ç. Ç. (2021) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.14519 · Cited by 2
KOVİD-19 Kaygısının Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi
Karagöz, Ş., ARSLAN, S., & Arslan, N. (2021) · Opus uluslararası toplum araştırmaları dergisi · doi:10.26466/opus.943710 · Cited by 2
Mojarad, F. A., Gorji, M. A. H., Salehiniya, H., & Yaghoubi, T. (2021) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_1351_20 · Cited by 2
Factors Influencing Residents' Psychological Status During Standardized Training in COVID-19
Xiang, D., Liang, B., Wang, Y., Li, B., Peng, J., Zhang, S., Bei, C., Yan, C., & Xu, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.737717 · Cited by 2
“Gender It seems that people all have a mindset that women always seem to be perceived as emotional, so their emotions are usually unstable and more likely to be negative (27).”
BackgroundEvaluation of Forensic Medical Cases During COVID-19 Pandemic
Işık, G. Ç., Çinpolat, R., KIRIŞ, E., & Çevik, Y. (2022) · Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences · doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.933782 · Cited by 2
Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Adherence to Orally Administered Antineoplastics
Talens, A., López-Pintor, E., Bejerano, M., Guilabert, M., Aznar-Saliente, T., Aznar‐Lou, I., & Lumbreras, B. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11092436 · Cited by 2
“In recent studies [29,30], women showed higher levels of stress and anxiety than men during the COVID-19 pandemic, but in our study, feelings of fear or danger in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic were experienced by both sexes in almost equal measure.”
BackgroundPolat, F., & DELİBAŞ, L. (2022) · Anatolian Journal of Health Research · doi:10.29228/anatoljhr.57300 · Cited by 2
Sáenz, E. D. J. Q., Carrillo, J. F. S., Rivera‐Lozada, O., & Bonilla-Asalde, C. A. (2022) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.70655.3 · Cited by 2
DOĞAN, E., & İmamoğlu, O. (2022) · the Journal of Academic Social Sciences · doi:10.29228/asos.61915 · Cited by 2
The Asian Conference on the Social Sciences 2022: Official Conference Proceedings
(2022) · The Asian Conference on the Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences Conference proceedings/Asian Conference on the Social Sciences official conference proceedings/Asian Conference on Arts & Humanities official conference proceedings · doi:10.22492/issn.2186-2303.2022 · Cited by 2
Sabbaghzadeh, A., Bonakdar, S., Khoshkholghsima, M., Moshirpour, M., Gorji, M., & Gholipour, M. (2022) · Advanced Biomedical Research · doi:10.4103/abr.abr_47_21 · Cited by 2
“A new strain of coronavirus with the potential to cause fatal pneumonia was identified in Wuhan, China, and spread rapidly to other parts of the world in late 2019.[1] The World Health Organization declared this coronavirus infection as a pandemic on March 11, 2020.”
BackgroundMOÇ, T., & Gülbetekin, E. (2023) · Iğdır üniversitesi sosyal bilimler dergisi · doi:10.54600/igdirsosbilder.1192967 · Cited by 2
Martínez-Vélez, N. A., Arroyo, M., Tiburcio, M., Rey, G. N., Fernández-Torres, M., & Hernández, G. Y. S. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054331 · Cited by 2
“Early in the pandemic, pre-existing mental health conditions, living alone, and marital status were associated with elevated levels of anxiety and/or depression [25].”
BackgroundDepressive disorders of working Poles during the COVID-19 pandemic (2019–2022)
Żołnierczyk-Zreda, D. (2023) · Medycyna Pracy · doi:10.13075/mp.5893.01317 · Cited by 2
EFTELİ, E. (2023) · Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.53490/egehemsire.1145399 · Cited by 2
The Relationship Between Social Interaction and Anxiety Regarding COVID-19 in Japanese Older Adults
Choe, H., Gondo, Y., Kasuga, A., Masui, Y., Nakagawa, T., Yasumoto, S., Ikebe, K., Kamide, K., Kabayama, M., & Ishizaki, T. (2023) · Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1177/23337214231175713 · Cited by 2
“…high school: 2, university: 3) (Bonati et al., 2021), marital status (do not have Partner: 0) (Nagasu et al., 2021), financial capacity (Litwin & Levinsky, 2022), residential area (non-urban: 0) (Özdin & Bayrak Özdin, 2020), and subjective health (Bonati et al., 2021; Every-Palmer et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialEdebal, Z., & Doğan, S. (2023) · Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine · doi:10.17219/acem/166045 · Cited by 2
Designing and developing a compacted immersive virtual therapy environment: RelaXRoom
Taçgın, Z. (2023) · Acibadem Universitesi Saglik Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.31067/acusaglik.1084616 · Cited by 2
Гендерные различия в тревожности и депрессии во время пандемии COVID-19 в России
Палкина, А. В., & Soboleva, N. (2023) · Monitoring obŝestvennogo mneniâ: èkonomičeskie i socialʹnye peremeny · doi:10.14515/monitoring.2023.4.2364 · Cited by 2
Decena, V. F. (2023) · South Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities · doi:10.48165/sajssh.2023.4508 · Cited by 1
Novel treatment targets for COVID-19: Contribution from molecular psychiatry
Schmidt, U., & Rein, T. (2020) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2020.1779344 · Cited by 2
Saliva as a Diagnostic Tool for Detection of Coronavirus: A Review
Lal, A., Saleem, M. K. M., & Ahmed, N. (2020) · Journal of Islamabad Medical & Dental College · doi:10.35787/jimdc.v9i3.570 · Cited by 2
“Recently it has been reported that male gender tends to contract the virus more frequently as compared to the female gender.(12) Additionally, some professions are particularly prone to contract the virus such as Dental Surgeons.”
BackgroundFazleeva, E., Tumakov, D. N., Валеева, А. Ф., & Akberov, R. (2021) · Autumn Conferences of Sports Science · doi:10.14198/jhse.2021.16.proc2.26 · Cited by 2
“…means of restoring students’ mental and physical strength, optimizing the complex multi-factor process of adaptation not only to new conditions of learning activity, but also to the life in general (Vasenkov & Fazleeva, 2013; Grutsyak & Grutsyak, 2010; Pavlov, 2001; Noraseela et al., 2016).”
BackgroundÖZTURAN, D. D., & Şahin, A. K. (2021) · Family practice and palliative care · doi:10.22391/fppc.789890 · Cited by 2
COVID-19 and Depression from the Nigerian Perspective; A Mini Review
Oyem, J. C., Ichipi-Ifukor, P. C., & Obi-Ojinika, C. (2021) · Jundishapur Journal of Chronic Disease Care · doi:10.5812/jjcdc.111199 · Cited by 2
“A cross-sectional survey evaluating the severity of anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic in a Turkish society suggested that women, individuals with a previous history of psychiatric illnesses and chronic diseases, and the people living in urban slums are most physiologically susceptible to be affected…”
BackgroundPsychological Perspectives on COVID-19
Hosseini-Nezhad, S., Safdar, S. F., Hosseini-Nezhad, P., & Luu, L. A. N. (2022) · Contributions to economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-89996-7_14 · Cited by 2
Endika, O. M. G., & Azam, M. (2021) · Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat · doi:10.15294/kemas.v17i2.32589 · Cited by 2
Naiboğlu, P., Güler, A. Y., & Göksel, S. (2022) · Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences · doi:10.5336/dentalsci.2021-86686 · Cited by 2
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Greek adults: a cross-sectional surveyPreprint
Dragotis, E., Atsopardi, Κ., Barbouni, A., Poulas, K. A., & Farsalinos, K. E. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.02.20.21252129 · Cited by 2
Kosovalı, B. D., Mutlu, N. M., Gönen, C. Ç., Peker, T. T., Yavuz, A., Soyal, Ö. B., Çakır, E. Y., Akan, B., Gökçınar, D., Erdem, D., et al. (2021) · doi:10.22541/au.161418392.20126229/v1 · Cited by 2
Blacutt, M. E., Filgueiras, A., & Stults‐Kolehmainen, M. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.09.07.21263246 · Cited by 2
Examining Risk and Protective Factors for Psychological Health during the COVID-19 PandemicPreprint
Racine, S. E., Miller, A. E., Mehak, A., & Trolio, V. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ys8fn · Cited by 2
The Iranian Corona Stress StudyPreprint
Sabouhi, S., Vaezi, A., Sharbafchi, M. R., Aerni, A., Bentz, D., Coynel, D., de Quervain, D. J. ‐., Fehlmann, B., Freytag, V., Gerhards, C., et al. (2020) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/cfgbk · Cited by 2
Impact of COVID-19 related social isolation on behavioral outcomes in young adultsPreprint
Patrono, A., Invernizzi, A., Placidi, D., Cagna, G., Calza, S., Oppini, M., Rechtman, E., Papazaharias, D. M., Reichenberg, A., Lucchini, R. G., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.10.20.22280791 · Cited by 2
Guskova, O. A., Yaroslavskaya, E. I., Приленский, Б. Ю., & Petelina, T. I. (2021) · Russian Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.17116/profmed20212409159 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Özdin, S., & Bayrak Özdin, Ş.
- Affiliations
- Ondokuz Mayıs University (TR)
- Rasathane Family Health Center, Samsun, Turkey
- Corresponding author
- Özdin, Selçuk
- ORCID
- Özdin, Selçuk
- Venue
- International Journal of Social Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2020-05-08
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 504-511
- ISSN
- 0020-7640 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-2854
- PMC
- PMC7405629
- OpenAlex
- W3023698214
- Cited by
- 1,405
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 120 · 2023: 214 · 2022: 397 · 2021: 447 · 2020: 140
- FWCI
- 119.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Social Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety, depression, health anxiety, gender differences, risk factors, psychiatric history, chronic disease, urban residence, Turkish population, mental health
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Anxiety, Attitude to Health, Mental Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Self-Assessment, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Turkey, Urban Population, Comorbidity, Causality, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics
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