Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 654

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Guidelines for Selecting or Modifying Logos

Henderson, Pamela W., Cote, Joseph A.·1998·Journal of Marketing

Abstract

The authors develop guidelines to assist managers in selecting or modifying logos to achieve their corporate image goals. An empirical analysis of 195 logos, calibrated on 13 design characteristics, identified logos that meet high-recognition, low-investment, and high-image communication objectives. High-recognition logos (accurate recognition created by high investment) should be very natural, very harmonious, and moderately elaborate. Low-investment logos (false sense of knowing and positive affect) should be less natural and very harmonious. High image logos (professional look and strong positive image) must be moderately elaborate and natural. The authors illustrate the guidelines with real logos.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/002224299806200202

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 2 references

Research works printed but not linked: 80

  1. Atkinson R.C., 1973, Attention and Special Performance IV, 583
  2. Barnes Roger, 1989, National Underwriters, 93, 27
  3. 10.2466/pr0.1985.56.3.922 · doi:10.2466/pr0.1985.56.3.922
  4. Bennett Peter D., 1995, Dictionary of Marketing Terms.
  5. Berlyne Daniel E., 1971, Aesthetics and Psychobiology.
  6. Berlyne Daniel E., 1974, Studies in the New Experimental Aesthetics: Steps Toward an Objective Psychology of Aesthetic Appreciation.
  7. 10.1080/00221309.1964.9710286 · DOI
  8. 10.1108/eb008228 · doi:10.1108/eb008228
  9. Bevlin Marjorie E., 1989, Design Through Discovery: An Introduction to Art and Design.
  10. Bird Laura, 1992, The Wall Street Journal
  11. Block Carl E., 1969, The Trademark Reporter, 59, 399
  12. 10.1016/S0022-5371(77)80013-3 · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(77)80013-3
  13. Clark Valarie, 1988, Canadian Business, 61, 21
  14. 10.1016/S0022-5371(64)80033-5 · DOI
  15. 10.1177/002224298605000106 · doi:10.1177/002224298605000106
  16. Cohen Nancy, 1989, Restaurant Business, 88, 79
  17. 10.1086/209149 · DOI · Paper page
  18. Crowley Ayn E., 1990, “The Golden Section: An Information-Theoretic Approach to Understanding Two-Sided Persuasion,”
  19. 10.3758/BF03211042 · DOI
  20. Dolliver Mark, 1990, Adweek's Marketing Week, 31
  21. Dondis Donis A., 1973, A Primer of Visual Literacy.
  22. 10.3758/BF03343032 · doi:10.3758/bf03343032
  23. Dubberly Jugh, 1995, Communication Arts, 36, 14
  24. 10.1108/eb008200 · doi:10.1108/eb008200
  25. 10.1086/208944 · DOI · Paper page
  26. 10.2466/pms.1966.23.3f.1167 · doi:10.2466/pms.1966.23.3f.1167
  27. 10.3758/BF03331603 · doi:10.3758/bf03331603
  28. 10.1037/h0035889 · doi:10.1037/h0035889
  29. 10.1016/S0022-5371(63)80046-8 · DOI
  30. Giberson Robert, 1994, “Using Logos as Cues to Recognition: A Preliminary Study,”
  31. Hayes John R., 1995, Forbes, 155, 72
  32. Henderson Pamela W., 1996, “Concentration Measures and the Meaning of Marketing Stimuli,”
  33. Herfindahl O. C., 1950, “Concentration in the Steel Industry,”
  34. 10.1037/h0082886 · doi:10.1037/h0082886
  35. Hirschman A. O., 1964, American Economic Review, 54, 761
  36. 10.1287/mksc.6.4.320 · DOI · Paper page
  37. 10.1037/0096-3445.110.3.306 · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.110.3.306 · Paper page
  38. 10.1177/002224299305700101 · DOI · Paper page
  39. Koen F., 1969, Verbal and Nonverbal Mediators in Recognition Memory for Complex Visual Stimuli.
  40. Kropp H. Richard, 1990, Business, 40, 17
  41. Kuwayama Yasamura, 1973, Trademark and Symbols Vol. 1: Alphabetical Designs and Vol. 2: Symbolic Designs.
  42. 10.1037/h0034633 · DOI · Paper page
  43. 10.1016/S0022-5371(74)80049-6 · DOI · Paper page
  44. Lantz D.L., 1964, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 5, 475
  45. Luo Chun Rong, 1993, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 19, 405
  46. Masten Davis L., 1988, Marketing News, 22, 2
  47. 10.1037/h0031352 · DOI
  48. Morgan Hal, 1986, Symbols in America.
  49. Morgenson Gretchen, 1992, Forbes, 150, 468
  50. Morrow David J., 1992, International Business, 5, 66
  51. 10.1037/h0093865 · DOI · Paper page
  52. 10.3758/BF03335901 · DOI
  53. Nemett Barry, 1992, Images Objects and Ideas.
  54. 10.2466/pr0.1988.63.2.524 · doi:10.2466/pr0.1988.63.2.524
  55. Peter John, 1989, Folio, 18, 139
  56. Phillips Hugh, 1978, Journal of the Market Research Society, 20, 219
  57. Pimentel Ronald W., 1997, “Consumer Preference for Logo Designs: Visual Design and Meaning,”
  58. 10.1108/EUM0000000002563 · DOI
  59. 10.2466/pms.1972.34.2.420 · doi:10.2466/pms.1972.34.2.420
  60. Rubel Ellen A., 1994, Editor & Publisher, 127, 6T
  61. 10.1016/0024-6301(95)00040-P · DOI
  62. 10.3758/BF03342776 · doi:10.3758/bf03342776
  63. 10.3758/BF03327953 · doi:10.3758/bf03327953
  64. 10.1080/00221309.1992.9917808 · doi:10.1080/00221309.1992.9917808
  65. Shennan James R., 1986, Hotel & Motel Management, 201, 30
  66. Siegel Lucy B., 1989, Marketing Communications, 14, 44
  67. 10.1037/h0023090 · doi:10.1037/h0023090
  68. 10.3758/BF03330214 · doi:10.3758/bf03330214
  69. Snyder Adam, 1993, Brandweek, 34, 24
  70. Spaeth Tony, 1994, Across the Board, 31, 51
  71. Spaeth Tony, 1995, Across the Board, 32, 53
  72. 1996, Statistical Abstracts of the U.S.
  73. Stigler G. J., 1968, The Organization of Industry.
  74. 10.1037/h0022014 · DOI · Paper page
  75. Vartorella William, 1990, Advertising Age, 61, 31
  76. Veryzer Robert W., 1993, Advances in Consumer Research, 20, 224
  77. Wathen Mel, 1986, Public Relations Journal, 42, 24
  78. 10.1016/0749-596X(90)90045-2 · DOI · Paper page
  79. Yeung Mary, 1988, Adweek's Marketing Week, 29, 28
  80. 10.1108/eb008192a · doi:10.1108/eb008192a

Cited by

See all 654

Metadata

Authors
Henderson, P. W., & Cote, J. A.
Venue
Journal of Marketing
Published
1998-04
Volume
62
Issue
2
Pages
14-30
ISSN
  • 0022-2429 (ISSN-L)
  • 1547-7185
OpenAlex
W2048988518
Cited by
654
References
2
FWCI
10.40
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Guidelines for Selecting or Modifying Logos. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1177/002224299806200202
The paper
Henderson, P. W., & Cote, J. A. (1998). Guidelines for Selecting or Modifying Logos. Journal of Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299806200202

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.