Cited by 113Education Discipline and InequalityCritical Race Theory in EducationRacial and Ethnic Identity Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 62 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Understanding Disciplinary Disproportionality: Stereotypes Shape Pre-Service Teachers’ Beliefs About Black Boys’ Behavior

Kunesh, Claire E., Noltemeyer, Amity·2019·Urban Education

DOI 10.1177/0042085915623337

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The disproportionate discipline of Black male students is a pervasive problem in U.S. schools. To examine the role of stereotypes in disciplinary disproportionality, pre-service teachers were randomly assigned to read a vignette about a defiant student. Those who read a vignette about a Black student believed that the student was more likely to misbehave in the future, compared with those who read a vignette about a White student. These findings suggest that some teachers attribute the misbehavior of Black male students to more stable causes, which may lead them to alter their behavior toward these students.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/0042085915623337

Cites

62 of 62 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination
Bertrand, M., & Mullainathan, S. (2004) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/0002828042002561 · Cited by 4,504
Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity.
Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015575 · Cited by 3,257
The New Statistics: Why and How
Cumming, G. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613504966 · Cited by 3,200
A Decade of System Justification Theory: Accumulated Evidence of Conscious and Unconscious Bolstering of the Status Quo
Jost, J. T., Banaji, M. R., & Nosek, B. A. (2004) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00402.x · Cited by 2,883
Contending with group image: The psychology of stereotype and social identity threat
Steele, C. M., Spencer, S. J., & Aronson, J. (2002) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(02)80009-0 · Cited by 2,201
Introduction to Robust Estimation and Hypothesis Testing
Wilcox, R. R. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2010-0-67044-1 · Cited by 2,086
The color of discipline: Sources of racial and gender disproportionality in school punishment
Skiba, R. J., Michael, R. S., Nardo, A. C., & Peterson, R. L. (2002) · The Urban Review · doi:10.1023/a:1021320817372 · Cited by 1,758
Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage In The United States: 2006: (668082007-001)
DeNavas-Walt, C., Proctor, B. D., & Smith, J. (2007) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e668082007-001 · Cited by 1,636
Race Is Not Neutral: A National Investigation of African American and Latino Disproportionality in School Discipline
Skiba, R. J., Horner, R. H., Chung, C.-G., Rausch, M. K., May, S. L., & Tobin, T. (2011) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2011.12087730 · Cited by 1,593
The Achievement Gap and the Discipline Gap: Two Sides of the Same Coin?
Gregory, A., Skiba, R. J., & Noguera, P. A. (2010) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x09357621 · Cited by 1,395
Response bias, social desirability and dissimulation
Furnham, A. (1986) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(86)90014-0 · Cited by 1,033
Predicting ethnic and racial discrimination: A meta-analysis of IAT criterion studies.
Oswald, F. L., Mitchell, G., Blanton, H., Jaccard, J. J., & Tetlock, P. E. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032734 · Cited by 978
Implicit Bias: Scientific Foundations
Greenwald, A. G., & Krieger, L. H. (2006) · California Law Review · doi:10.2307/20439056 · Cited by 954
Categorically unequal: the American stratification system
(2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-4699 · Cited by 900
Parsing Disciplinary Disproportionality: Contributions of Infraction, Student, and School Characteristics to Out-of-School Suspension and Expulsion
Skiba, R. J., Chung, C.-G., Trachok, M., Baker, T. L., Sheya, A., & Hughes, R. L. (2014) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831214541670 · Cited by 691
The Causes and Consequences of Distinctively Black Names
Fryer, R. G., & Levitt, S. D. (2004) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/0033553041502180 · Cited by 669
Defining and redirecting a school‐to‐prison pipeline
Wald, J., & Losen, D. J. (2003) · New Directions for Youth Development · doi:10.1002/yd.51 · Cited by 607
Stereotyping and evaluation in implicit race bias: Evidence for independent constructs and unique effects on behavior.
Amodio, D. M., & Devine, P. G. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.652 · Cited by 574
Advanced Statistics: Bootstrapping Confidence Intervals for Statistics with "Difficult" Distributions
Haukoos, J. S., & Lewis, R. J. (2005) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1197/j.aem.2004.11.018 · Cited by 546
Overrepresentation of African American Students in Exclusionary Discipline The Role of School Policy
Fenning, P., & Rose, J. (2007) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/0042085907305039 · Cited by 538
Breaking Schools' Rules: A Statewide Study on How School Discipline Relates to Students' Success and Juvenile Justice Involvement
Carmichael, D., Booth, E. A., Plotkin, M. M., Thompson, M. D., Miner P. Marchbanks, III, & Fabelo, T. (2011) · Issue Lab (Candid) · Cited by 523
Social Motivation, Justice, and the Moral Emotions
Weiner, B. L. (2006) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410615749 · Cited by 508
Handbook of Classroom Management
Emmer, E. T. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203074114 · Cited by 488
Handbook of Urban Education
(2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203094280 · Cited by 461
Racial Threat and Punitive School Discipline
Welch, K., & Payne, A. A. (2010) · Social Problems · doi:10.1525/sp.2010.57.1.25 · Cited by 445
Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Differences in School Discipline among U.S. High School Students: 1991-2005.
Wallace, J. M., Goodkind, S. A., Wallace, C. M., & Bachman, J. G. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 440
The discipline gap and African Americans: Defiance or cooperation in the high school classroom
Gregory, A., & Weinstein, R. S. (2007) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2007.09.001 · Cited by 438
Breaking the School to Prison Pipeline: Identifying School Risk and Protective Factors for Youth Delinquency
Christle, C. A., Jolivette, K., & Nelson, C. M. (2005) · Exceptionality · doi:10.1207/s15327035ex1302_2 · Cited by 436
The Disproportionate Discipline of African American Learners: Reducing School Suspensions and Expulsions
Townsend, B. L. (2000) · Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/001440290006600308 · Cited by 427
Multilevel exploration of factors contributing to the overrepresentation of black students in office disciplinary referrals.
Bradshaw, C. P., Mitchell, M. M., O'Brennan, L. M., & Leaf, P. J. (2010) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018450 · Cited by 373
Racism Without Racists
Mayorga, S. (2015) · The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism · doi:10.1002/9781118663202.wberen155 · Cited by 342
Controlling Racial Prejudice
Wheeler, M. E., & Fiske, S. T. (2005) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00780.x · Cited by 331
Suspended Education: Urban Middle Schools in Crisis
Losen, D. J., & Skiba, R. J. (2010) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 319
Priming unconscious racial stereotypes about adolescent offenders.
Graham, S., & Lowery, B. S. (2004) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1023/b:lahu.0000046430.65485.1f · Cited by 313
Effects of Student Gender and Socioeconomic Status on Teacher Perceptions
Auwarter, A. E., & Aruguete, M. S. (2008) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.3200/joer.101.4.243-246 · Cited by 261
Lost and Turned Out
Brown, T. M. (2007) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/0042085907304947 · Cited by 220
Looking the Part: Social Status Cues Shape Race Perception
Freeman, J. B., Penner, A. M., Saperstein, A., Scheutz, M., & Ambady, N. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025107 · Cited by 218
The diversity paradox: immigration and the color line in twenty-first century America
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-5399 · Cited by 215
Exploring the Impact of School Discipline on Racial Disproportion in the Juvenile Justice System*
Nicholson‐Crotty, S., Birchmeier, Z., & Valentine, D. C. (2009) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2009.00674.x · Cited by 207
Perspectives on Urban Education
Beckum, L. C. (1980) · Contemporary Psychology · doi:10.1037/018538 · Cited by 200
Lazy, Dumb, or Industrious: When Stereotypes Convey Attribution Information in the Classroom
Reyna, C. (2000) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1009037101170 · Cited by 197
The effects of race and problem type on teachers' assessments of student behavior.
Chang, D. F., & Sue, S. (2003) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.2.235 · Cited by 177
Discipline Policies, Successful Schools, and Racial Justice
Losen, D. J. (2011) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 171
Justice and utility in the classroom: An attributional analysis of the goals of teachers' punishment and intervention strategies.
Reyna, C., & Weiner, B. L. (2001) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.93.2.309 · Cited by 164
Discrimination and Implicit Bias in a Racially Unequal Society
Banks, R. R., Eberhardt, J. L., & Ross, L. D. (2006) · California Law Review · doi:10.2307/20439061 · Cited by 140
Who is most at risk for school removal? A multilevel discrete-time survival analysis of individual- and context-level influences.
Petras, H., Masyn, K. E., Buckley, J. A., Ialongo, N. S., & Kellam, S. (2011) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021545 · Cited by 126
New Evidence on Teacher Labor Supply
Engel, M., Jacob, B. A., & Curran, F. C. (2013) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831213503031 · Cited by 115
Self‐Fulfilling Prophecies: Mechanisms, Power, and Links to Social Problems
Madon, S., Willard, J., Guyll, M., & Scherr, K. C. (2011) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00375.x · Cited by 113
Understanding the discipline gap through a cultural lens: implications for the education of African American students
Monroe, C. R. (2005) · Intercultural Education · doi:10.1080/14675980500303795 · Cited by 93
The relation of student behavior, peer status, race, and gender to decisions about school discipline using CHAID decision trees and regression modeling
Horner, S. B., Fireman, G. D., & Wang, E. W. (2010) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2009.12.001 · Cited by 83
Patterns of Exclusionary Discipline by School Typology, Ethnicity, and their Interaction
Noltemeyer, A. L., & Mcloughlin, C. S. (2010) · Penn GSE perspectives on urban education · Cited by 81
Self-citation
One Giant Step Backward: Myths of Black Cultural Learning Styles
Frisby, C. L. (1993) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.1993.12085671 · Cited by 65
School expulsion as a process and an event: Before and after effects on children at risk for school discipline
Morrison, G. M., Anthony, S., Storino, M., Cheng, J. J., Furlong, M. J., & Morrison, R. L. (2001) · New Directions for Youth Development · doi:10.1002/yd.23320019205 · Cited by 54
Introduction
Milnor, K. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199684618.003.0001 · Cited by 48
New Evidence on Teacher Labor Supply
Engel, M., & Jacob, B. A. (2011) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w16802 · Cited by 39
The Classroom as a Courtroom
Weiner, B. L. (2003) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1023/a:1021736217048 · Cited by 39
How Teachers Use Power in the Classroom to Avoid or Support Exclusionary School Discipline Practices
Pane, D. M., Rocco, T. S., Miller, L. D., & Salmon, Á. K. (2013) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/0042085913478620 · Cited by 35
The Bootstrap
Wilcox, R. R. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-5525-8_6 · Cited by 33
The Punishment Gap: Racial/Ethnic Comparisons in School Infractions by Objective and Subjective Definitions
Forsyth, C. J., Biggar, R. W., Forsyth, Y. A., & Howat, H. (2014) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2014.935623 · Cited by 29
Cognitive Processes
Fiske, S. T., & Russell, A. M. (2010) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446200919.n7 · Cited by 18
The Effects of Student and Teacher Characteristics on Teacher Impressions of – and Responses to – Student Behaviors
Noltemeyer, A. L., Kunesh, C. E., Hostutler, C. A., Frato, P., & Sarr-Kerman, B. J. (2012) · International Education Studies · doi:10.5539/ies.v5n4p96 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
Research on Classroom Management in Urban Schools
Milner, H. R. (2014) · doi:10.4324/9780203074114-16 · Cited by 7

Research works printed but not linked: 6

Alexander M., 2010, The new Jim Crow
Children’s Defense Fund, 1974, Children out of school in America
DeNavas-Walt C., 2012, Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2011
Milner H. R., 2015, Handbook of classroom management, 167
Skiba R. J., 2012, Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association
10.1525/sp.2010.57.1.25.SP5701 · DOI

Sorted by citations

Police in schools and student arrest rates across the United States: Examining differences by race, ethnicity, and gender
Homer, E. M., & Fisher, B. W. (2020) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2019.1604377 · Cited by 104
Applying a MTSS framework to address racism and promote mental health for racial/ethnic minoritized youth
Malone, C. M., Wycoff, K., & Turner, E. A. (2021) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22606 · Cited by 78
Remembering Tamir Rice and Other Black Boy Victims: Imagining Black PlayCrit Literacies Inside and Outside Urban Literacy Education
Bryan, N. (2020) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/0042085920902250 · Cited by 69
Do School Counselors Exhibit Bias in Recommending Students for Advanced Coursework?
Francis, D. V., de Oliveira, A. C. M., & Dimmitt, C. (2019) · The B E Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy · doi:10.1515/bejeap-2018-0189 · Cited by 62
Teacher Beliefs and the Overrepresentation of Black Students in Classroom Discipline
Gregory, A., & Roberts, G. A. (2017) · Theory Into Practice · doi:10.1080/00405841.2017.1336035 · Cited by 76

See all 113

Authors: Kunesh, C. E., & Noltemeyer, A.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
Miami University (US)
Corresponding author: Kunesh, Claire E.
ORCID: Noltemeyer, Amity
Venue: Urban Education
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2015-12-30
Volume: 54
Issue: 4
Pages: 471-498
ISSN: 0042-0859 (ISSN-L)
1552-8340
DOI: 10.1177/0042085915623337
OpenAlex: W2339696596
Cited by: 113
References: 62
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5
FWCI: 10.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Urban Education (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Education › Education Discipline and Inequality
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Critical Race Theory in Education
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Keywords: Black male students, stereotypes, pre-service teachers, teacher beliefs, student misbehavior

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Understanding Disciplinary Disproportionality: Stereotypes Shape Pre-Service Teachers’ Beliefs About Black Boys’ Behavior

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks