Contending with group image: The psychology of stereotype and social identity threat

Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans.

Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797 · Cited by 8,181 · see citing works

Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components

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Ironic processes of mental control.

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Thought suppression

Wenzlaff, R. M., & Wegner, D. M. (2000) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.59 · Cited by 1,063 · see citing works

Out of mind but back in sight: Stereotypes on the rebound.

Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., Milne, A. B., & Jetten, J. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.5.808 · Cited by 834 · see citing works

Gender identification moderates stereotype threat effects on women's math performance

Schmader, T. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.2001.1500 · Cited by 711 · see citing works

Activating stereotypes undermines task performance expectations

Stangor, C., Carr, C., & Kiang, L. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.5.1191 · Cited by 221 · see citing works

The Social Psychology of Stigma

Major, B., & O'Brien, L. T. (2005) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137 · Cited by 3,114 · see citing works

A question of belonging: Race, social fit, and achievement.

Walton, G. M., & Cohen, G. L. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.82 · Cited by 2,163 · see citing works

The Group Engagement Model: Procedural Justice, Social Identity, and Cooperative Behavior

Tyler, T. R., & Blader, S. L. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0704_07 · Cited by 2,118 · see citing works

A Brief Social-Belonging Intervention Improves Academic and Health Outcomes of Minority Students

Walton, G. M., & Cohen, G. L. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1198364 · Cited by 1,992 · see citing works

The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory

Sherman, D. K., & Cohen, G. L. (2006) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(06)38004-5 · Cited by 1,614 · see citing works

Social-Psychological Interventions in Education: They’re Not Magic

Yeager, D. S., & Walton, G. M. (2011) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654311405999 · Cited by 1,345 · see citing works

The psychological implications of concealing a stigma: A cognitive-affective-behavioral model

Pachankis, J. E. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.328 · Cited by 1,305 · see citing works

Why are some STEM fields more gender balanced than others?

Cheryan, S., Ziegler, S. A., Montoya, A. K., & Jiang, L. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000052 · Cited by 1,259 · see citing works

The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention

Cohen, G. L., & Sherman, D. K. (2014) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115137 · Cited by 1,197 · see citing works

Improving adolescents' standardized test performance: An intervention to reduce the effects of stereotype threat

Good, C., Aronson, J., & Inzlicht, M. (2003) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2003.09.002 · Cited by 1,096 · see citing works

Signaling Threat: How Situational Cues Affect Women in Math, Science, and Engineering Settings

Murphy, M. C., Steele, C. M., & Gross, J. J. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01995.x · Cited by 1,048 · see citing works

Intelligence: New findings and theoretical developments

Nisbett, R. E., Aronson, J., Blair, C., Dickens, W., Flynn, J., Halpern, D. F., & Turkheimer, E. (2012) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0026699 · Cited by 968 · see citing works

Does stereotype threat affect test performance of minorities and women? A meta-analysis of experimental evidence.

Nguyen, H.-H. D., & Ryan, A. M. (2008) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012702 · Cited by 845 · see citing works

Motivational pathways to STEM career choices: Using expectancy–value perspective to understand individual and gender differences in STEM fields

Wang, M.-T., & Degol, J. (2013) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2013.08.001 · Cited by 837 · see citing works

Social identity contingencies: how diversity cues signal threat or safety for African Americans in mainstream institutions

Purdie-Vaughns, V., Steele, C. M., Davies, P. G., Ditlmann, R., & Crosby, J. R. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.4.615 · Cited by 786 · see citing works

Clearing the air: identity safety moderates the effects of stereotype threat on women's leadership aspirations

Davies, P. G., Spencer, S. J., & Steele, C. M. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.2.276 · Cited by 713 · see citing works

Consuming images: how television commercials that elicit stereotype threat can restrain women academically and professionally

Davies, P. G., Spencer, S. J., Quinn, D. M., & Gerhardstein, R. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616702237644 · Cited by 680 · see citing works

Wise interventions: Psychological remedies for social and personal problems.

Walton, G. M., & Wilson, T. D. (2018) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000115 · Cited by 617 · see citing works

Stereotype threat and working memory: mechanisms, alleviation, and spillover

Beilock, S. L., Rydell, R. J., & McConnell, A. R. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.136.2.256 · Cited by 587 · see citing works

The role of stereotype threats in undermining girls' and women's performance and interest in STEM fields

Shapiro, J. R., & Williams, A. M. (2012) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-011-0051-0 · Cited by 501 · see citing works

Ingroup experts and peers as social vaccines who inoculate the self-concept: the stereotype inoculation model

Dasgupta, N. (2011) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2011.607313 · Cited by 466 · see citing works

Combating stereotype threat: The effect of self‐affirmation on women's intellectual performance

Martens, A., Johns, M., Greenberg, J., & Schimel, J. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.04.010 · Cited by 460 · see citing works

Managing to clear the air: Stereotype threat, women, and leadership

Hoyt, C. L., & Murphy, S. E. (2016) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.11.002 · Cited by 454 · see citing works

Intervening within and across levels: A multilevel approach to stigma and public health

Cook, J. E., Purdie-Vaughns, V., Meyer, I. H., & Busch, J. T. A. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.09.023 · Cited by 438 · see citing works

Stigma as Ego Depletion: How Being the Target of Prejudice Affects Self-Control

Inzlicht, M., McKay, L., & Aronson, J. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01695.x · Cited by 401 · see citing works

From Stereotype Threat to Stereotype Threats: Implications of a Multi-Threat Framework for Causes, Moderators, Mediators, Consequences, and Interventions

Shapiro, J. R., & Neuberg, S. L. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868306294790 · Cited by 398 · see citing works

Deflecting the trajectory and changing the narrative: How self-affirmation affects academic performance and motivation under identity threat.

Sherman, D. K., Hartson, K. A., Binning, K. R., Purdie-Vaughns, V., Garcia, J., Taborsky-Barba, S., Tomassetti, S., Nussbaum, A. D., & Cohen, G. L. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031495 · Cited by 371 · see citing works

Interacting with sexist men triggers social identity threat among female engineers

Logel, C., Walton, G. M., Spencer, S. J., Iserman, E. C., von Hippel, W., & Bell, A. E. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015703 · Cited by 336 · see citing works

Unconscious (Implicit) Bias and Health Disparities: Where Do We Go from Here?

Blair, I. V., Steiner, J. F., & Havranek, E. P. (2011) · The Permanente Journal · doi:10.7812/tpp/11.979 · Cited by 329 · see citing works

Identity, Belonging, and Achievement: A Model, Interventions, Implications

Cohen, G. L., & Garcia, J. (2008) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00607.x · Cited by 325 · see citing works

Leaderboards in a virtual classroom: A test of stereotype threat and social comparison explanations for women's math performance

Christy, K. R., & Fox, J. (2014) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2014.05.005 · Cited by 276 · see citing works

A Growth Mindset Intervention: Enhancing Students’ Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Career Development

Burnette, J. L., Pollack, J. M., Forsyth, R. B., Hoyt, C. L., Babij, A. D., Thomas, F. N., & Coy, A. E. (2020) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1177/1042258719864293 · Cited by 264 · see citing works

On Interpreting Stereotype Threat as Accounting for African American-White Differences on Cognitive Tests.

Sackett, P. R., Hardison, C. M., & Cullen, M. J. (2004) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.59.1.7 · Cited by 252 · see citing works

Chronic threat and contingent belonging: Protective benefits of values affirmation on identity development.

Cook, J. E., Purdie-Vaughns, V., Garcia, J., & Cohen, G. L. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026312 · Cited by 244 · see citing works

High stakes testing in higher education and employment: Appraising the evidence for validity and fairness.

Sackett, P. R., Borneman, M. J., & Connelly, B. S. (2008) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.63.4.215 · Cited by 233 · see citing works

Race and belonging in school: How anticipated and experienced belonging affect choice, persistence, and performance

Murphy, M. C., & Zirkel, S. (2015) · Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146811511701204 · Cited by 223 · see citing works

Affirmed yet unaware: Exploring the role of awareness in the process of self-affirmation.

Sherman, D. K., Cohen, G. L., Nelson, L. D., Nussbaum, A. D., Bunyan, D. P., & Garcia, J. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015451 · Cited by 223 · see citing works

A customized belonging intervention improves retention of socially disadvantaged students at a broad-access university

Murphy, M. C., Gopalan, M., Carter, E. R., Emerson, K. T. U., Bottoms, B. L., & Walton, G. M. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aba4677 · Cited by 214 · see citing works

A multilevel examination of racial disparities in high school discipline: Black and white adolescents’ perceived equity, school belonging, and adjustment problems.

Bottiani, J. H., Bradshaw, C. P., & Mendelson, T. (2017) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000155 · Cited by 200 · see citing works

Stereotype threat in organizations: implications for equity and performance

Walton, G. M., Murphy, M. C., & Ryan, A. M. (2015) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111322 · Cited by 184 · see citing works

Stereotype threat among older employees: relationship with job attitudes and turnover intentions

von Hippel, C., Kalokerinos, E. K., & Henry, J. D. (2013) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0029825 · Cited by 182 · see citing works

Prejudice expectations moderate preconscious attention to cues that are threatening to social identity

Kaiser, C. R., Vick, S. B., & Major, B. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01707.x · Cited by 164 · see citing works

Potential stigma associated with inclusion of the psychosis risk syndrome in the DSM-V: An empirical question

Yang, L. H., Wonpat-Borja, A. J., Opler, M. G., & Corcoran, C. M. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.03.012 · Cited by 157 · see citing works

Driven by fear: The effect of success and failure information on passionate individuals' performance.

Bélanger, J. J., Lafrenière, M.-A. K., Vallerand, R. J., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029585 · Cited by 153 · see citing works

The effects of an academic environment intervention on science identification among women in STEM

Ramsey, L. R., Betz, D. E., & Sekaquaptewa, D. (2013) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-013-9218-6 · Cited by 152 · see citing works

Minding and mending the gap: Social psychological interventions to reduce educational disparities

Spitzer, B., & Aronson, J. (2015) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12067 · Cited by 152 · see citing works

Self-stigma in substance abuse: development of a new measure

Luoma, J. B., Nobles, R. H., Drake, C. E., Hayes, S. C., O’Hair, A., Fletcher, L., & Kohlenberg, B. S. (2013) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-012-9323-4 · Cited by 150 · see citing works

What satisfies younger versus older employees, and why? An aging perspective on equity theory to explain interactive effects of employee age, monetary rewards, and task contributions on job satisfaction

Kollmann, T., Stöckmann, C., Kensbock, J. M., & Peschl, A. (2020) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.21981 · Cited by 146 · see citing works

Stereotype threat in men on a test of social sensitivity

Koenig, A. M., & Eagly, A. H. (2005) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-005-3714-x · Cited by 141 · see citing works

Can I Work with and Help Others in This Field? How Communal Goals Influence Interest and Participation in STEM Fields

Boucher, K. L., Fuesting, M. A., Diekman, A. B., & Murphy, M. C. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00901 · Cited by 140 · see citing works

Culture and Identity‐Protective Cognition: Explaining the White‐Male Effect in Risk Perception

Kahan, D. M., Braman, D., Gastil, J., Slovic, P., & Mertz, C. K. (2007) · Journal of Empirical Legal Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1740-1461.2007.00097.x · Cited by 136 · see citing works

Stereotype threat and racial differences in citizens’ experiences of police encounters.

Najdowski, C. J., Bottoms, B. L., & Goff, P. A. (2015) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1037/lhb0000140 · Cited by 136 · see citing works

Discreditable: Stigma Effects of Revealing a Mental Illness History on Test Performance

Quinn, D. M., Kahng, S. K., & Crocker, J. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204264088 · Cited by 135 · see citing works

Situational disengagement and persistence in the face of adversity

Nussbaum, A. D., & Steele, C. M. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.12.007 · Cited by 128 · see citing works

Where and with whom does a brief social-belonging intervention promote progress in college?

Walton, G. M., Murphy, M. C., Logel, C., Yeager, D. S., Goyer, J. P., Brady, S. T., Emerson, K. T. U., Paunesku, D., Fotuhi, O., Blodorn, A., et al. (2023) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.ade4420 · Cited by 131 · see citing works

Contending With Stereotype Threat at Work: A Model of Long-Term Responses 1Ψ7

Block, C. J., Koch, S. M., Liberman, B. E., Merriweather, T. J., & Roberson, L. (2011) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000010382459 · Cited by 128 · see citing works

Stereotype Threat and Group Differences in Test Performance: A Question of Measurement Invariance.

Wicherts, J. M., Dolan, C. V., & Hessen, D. J. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.5.696 · Cited by 126 · see citing works

Why Yellow Fever Isn't Flattering: A Case Against Racial Fetishes

ZHENG, R. (2016) · Journal of the American Philosophical Association · doi:10.1017/apa.2016.25 · Cited by 125 · see citing works

The detrimental effects of a suggestion of sexism in an instruction situation

Adams, G., Garcia, D. M., Purdie-Vaughns, V., & Steele, C. M. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.10.004 · Cited by 122 · see citing works

Are all interventions created equal? A multi-threat approach to tailoring stereotype threat interventions.

Shapiro, J. R., Williams, A. M., & Hambarchyan, M. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030461 · Cited by 119 · see citing works

A Metacognitive Perspective on the Cognitive Deficits Experienced in Intellectually Threatening Environments

Schmader, T., Forbes, C. E., Zhang, S., & Berry Mendes, W. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208330450 · Cited by 117 · see citing works

Understanding disciplinary disproportionality: stereotypes shape pre-service teachers’ beliefs about black boys’ behavior

Kunesh, C. E., & Noltemeyer, A. (2019) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/0042085915623337 · Cited by 113 · see citing works

A Company I Can Trust? Organizational Lay Theories Moderate Stereotype Threat for Women

Emerson, K. T. U., & Murphy, M. C. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167214564969 · Cited by 107 · see citing works

Self-affirmation facilitates minority middle schoolers' progress along college trajectories

Goyer, J. P., Garcia, J., Purdie-Vaughns, V., Binning, K. R., Cook, J. E., Reeves, S. L., Apfel, N., Taborsky-Barba, S., Sherman, D. K., & Cohen, G. L. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1617923114 · Cited by 102 · see citing works

Stereotype threat effects in settings with features likely versus unlikely in operational test settings: A meta-analysis.

Shewach, O. R., Sackett, P. R., & Quint, S. (2019) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000420 · Cited by 97 · see citing works

Stereotype threat and inflexible perseverance in problem solving

Carr, P. B., & Steele, C. M. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.03.003 · Cited by 96 · see citing works

Is stereotype threat a useful construct for organizational psychology research and practice?

Kalokerinos, E. K., von Hippel, C., & Zacher, H. (2014) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/iops.12167 · Cited by 90 · see citing works

Minority Adolescents in Ethnically Diverse Schools: Perceptions of Equal Treatment Buffer Threat Effects

Baysu, G., Celeste, L., Brown, R., Verschueren, K., & Phalet, K. (2016) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12609 · Cited by 90 · see citing works

Striving for Success in Outgroup Settings: Effects of Contextually Emphasizing Ingroup Dimensions on Stigmatized Group Members’ Social Identity and Performance Styles

Derks, B., van Laar, C., & Ellemers, N. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167205283336 · Cited by 89 · see citing works

Stereotype Threat Among Women in Finance: Negative Effects on Identity, Workplace Well-Being, and Recruiting

von Hippel, C., Sekaquaptewa, D., & McFarlane, M. (2015) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684315574501 · Cited by 85 · see citing works

Emotional and Physiological Responses to Social-Evaluative Threat

Dickerson, S. S. (2008) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00095.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works

Stereotype threat: the moderating role of locus of control beliefs

Cadinu, M., Maass, A., Lombardo, M., & Frigerio, S. (2006) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.303 · Cited by 74 · see citing works

The Neuroscience of Stigma and Stereotype Threat

Derks, B., Inzlicht, M., & Kang, S. (2008) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430207088036 · Cited by 74 · see citing works

Confucian Values as a Buffer Against Age-Based Stereotype Threat for Chinese Older Adults

Tan, S. C., & Barber, S. J. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gby049 · Cited by 56 · see citing works

Stereotype threat and the evaluative context of communication

McGlone, M. S., & Pfiester, R. A. (2015) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x14562609 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

Internalized Racism and Past-Year Major Depressive Disorder Among African-Americans: The Role of Ethnic Identity and Self-Esteem

James, D. (2017) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-016-0269-1 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

The developmental dynamics of students' reading self-concept and reading competence: Examining reciprocal relations and ethnic-background patterns

Sewasew, D., & Koester, L. S. (2019) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2019.05.010 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

Interaction of Theory and Practice to Assess External Validity

Leviton, L. C., & Trujillo, M. D. (2017) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x15625289 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

Motivated cultural worldview adherence and culturally loaded test performance

Landau, M. J., Greenberg, J., & Rothschild, Z. K. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208329630 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Identity, Belief, and Bias

Cohen, G. L. (2012) · Ideology, Psychology, and Law · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199737512.003.0015 · Cited by 15 · see citing works