Cited by 2,841Psychometric Methodologies and TestingStatistical Methods and Bayesian InferenceStatistical Distribution Estimation and Applications

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The Performance of RMSEA in Models With Small Degrees of Freedom

Kenny, David A., Kaniskan, Burcu, McCoach, D. Betsy·2015·Sociological Methods & Research

DOI 10.1177/0049124114543236

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Abstract

Given that the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) is currently one of the most popular measures of goodness-of-model fit within structural equation modeling (SEM), it is important to know how well the RMSEA performs in models with small degrees of freedom ( df). Unfortunately, most previous work on the RMSEA and its confidence interval has focused on models with a large df. Building on the work of Chen et al. to examine the impact of small df on the RMSEA, we conducted a theoretical analysis and a Monte Carlo simulation using correctly specified models with varying df and sample size. The results of our investigation indicate that when the cutoff values are used to assess the fit of the properly specified models with small df and small sample size, the RMSEA too often falsely indicates a poor fitting model. We recommend not computing the RMSEA for small df models, especially those with small sample sizes, but rather estimating parameters that were not originally specified in the model.

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“In models with small degrees of freedom (df), as in the ESEM analyses and analyses of unidimensionality of facets, model fit was primarily assessed with CFI and TLI as RMSEA may then be overinflated [57].”
Method
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Authors: Kenny, D. A., Kaniskan, B., & McCoach, D. B.
Affiliations: University of Connecticut (US)
National Conference of Bar Examiners (NCBE) Madison, WI, USA
Corresponding author: Kenny, David A.
ORCID: Kenny, David A.
McCoach, D. Betsy
Venue: Sociological Methods & Research
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2014-07-24
Volume: 44
Issue: 3
Pages: 486-507
ISSN: 0049-1241 (ISSN-L)
1552-8294
DOI: 10.1177/0049124114543236
OpenAlex: W2170467533
Cited by: 2,841
References: 27
Citations by year: 2026: 574 · 2025: 386 · 2024: 281 · 2023: 275 · 2022: 264 · 2021: 232 · 2020: 180 · 2019: 156 · 2018: 161 · 2017: 140 · 2016: 96 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 27
FWCI: 130.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Sociological Methods & Research (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Distribution Estimation and Applications
Keywords: RMSEA, goodness-of-fit indices, structural equation modeling, model fit, small sample size, cut-off values, model misspecification

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The Performance of RMSEA in Models With Small Degrees of Freedom

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