Cited by 422Death Anxiety and Social ExclusionDeath, Funerary Practices, and MourningSocial and Intergroup Psychology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Scrooge Effect: Evidence that Mortality Salience Increases Prosocial Attitudes and Behavior

Jonas, Eva, Schimel, Jeff, Greenberg, Jeff, Pyszczynski, Tom·2002·Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

From the perspective of terror management theory, reminders of mortality should intensify the desire to express culturally prescribed prosocial attitudes and engage in culturally prescribed prosocial behaviors. Two studies supported these hypotheses. In Study 1, people were interviewed in close proximity to a funeral home or several blocks away and were asked to indicate their attitudes toward two charities they deemed important. Those who were interviewed in front of the funeral home reported more favorability toward these charities than those who were interviewed several blocks away. In Study 2, the authors found that following mortality salience, people gave more money to a charity supporting an American cause than people who had been exposed to an aversive control topic. However, mortality salience had no effect on the amount of money given to a foreign cause. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/014616702236834

Cites

51 of 51 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
A Focus Theory of Normative Conduct: A Theoretical Refinement and Reevaluation of the Role of Norms in Human Behavior
Cialdini, R. B., Kallgren, C. A., & Reno, R. R. (1991) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60330-5 · Cited by 3,143
Terror management theory of self-esteem and cultural worldviews: empirical assessments and conceptual refinements
Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Pyszczynski, T. (1997) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60016-7 · Cited by 1,505
Self-citation
Reinterpreting the empathy-altruism relationship: When one into one equals oneness.
Cialdini, R. B., Brown, S. L., Lewis, B. P., Luce, C. L., & Neuberg, S. L. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.3.481 · Cited by 1,467
Evidence for terror management theory II: The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who threaten or bolster the cultural worldview
Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Rosenblatt, A., Veeder, M., Kirkland, S., & Lyon, D. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.2.308 · Cited by 1,412
Self-citation
A theory of generativity and its assessment through self-report, behavioral acts, and narrative themes in autobiography.
McAdams, D. P., & de St. Aubin, E. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.62.6.1003 · Cited by 1,339
Evidence for terror management theory: I. The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who violate or uphold cultural values.
Rosenblatt, A., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Lyon, D. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.4.681 · Cited by 1,323 · cited 6×
“…mortality salience increases rewards recommended for a hero and punishment recommended for a moral transgressor (Florian & Mikulincer, 1997; Ochsmann & Reichelt, 1994; Rosenblatt et al., 1989) by showing a similar effect of mortality salience on the value people place on charitable organizations.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citation
A Terror Management Theory of Social Behavior: The Psychological Functions of Self-Esteem and Cultural Worldviews
Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (1991) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60328-7 · Cited by 1,296 · cited 1×
“Trait self-esteem is negatively correlated with trait anxiety and anxiety-related problems, and threats to self-esteem increase anxiety (for a review, see Solomon et al., 1991).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Relative effectiveness and validity of mood induction procedures: a meta-analysis
Westermann, R., Spies, K., Stahl, G., & Hesse, F. W. (1996) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(199607)26:4 · Cited by 1,134
Self-citation
A Focus Theory of Normative Conduct: When Norms Do and Do not Affect Behavior
Kallgren, C. A., Reno, R. R., & Cialdini, R. B. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672002610009 · Cited by 1,005

Show all 50 references

Research works printed but not linked: 13

Becker, E., 1962, The birth and death of meaning
Becker, E., 1971, The birth and death of meaning
Becker, E., 1973, The denial of death
Brown, R., 1978, Differentiation between social groups
Carson, E. D., 1990, Faith and philanthrophy in America
Dickens, C., 1950, A Christmas carol
Erickson, E. H., 1963, Childhood and society
10.1037/0022-3514.62.6.1003 · DOI · Paper page
Myers, D. C., 1992, The pursuit of happiness
Ochsmann, R., 1994, Depreciating of and distancing from foreigners: Effects of mortality salience
Ochsmann, R., 1994, Evaluation of moral and immoral behavior: Evidence for terror management theory
Rimor, M., 1990, Faith and philanthrophy in America
10.1037/0022-3514.76.1.35 · DOI · Paper page

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 422

Prosocial Attitudes toward Money from Terror Management Perspective: Death Transcendence through Spirituality
Dong, M., Van Prooijen, J.-W., Wu, S., Zhang, Y., & Jin, S. (2019) · The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2018.1532267 · Cited by 17
Live free and die: Expanding the terror management health model for pandemics to account for psychological reactance
Dimoff, J. D., Dao, A. N., Mitchell, J., & Olson, A. M. (2021) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12585 · Cited by 16
The effect of mortality salience on consumers' preference for experiential purchases and its mechanism
Li, B., Qin, Z. H. U., Ruwan, H. E., Aimei, L. I., & Wei, H. (2022) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2023.00301 · Cited by 14
Meet Joe Black? The effects of mortality salience and similarity on the Desire to Date in-group versus out-group members online
Frischlich, L., Rieger, D., Dratsch, T., & Bente, G. (2014) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407514536305 · Cited by 14
An Experimental Evaluation of Competing Age-Predictions of Future Time Perspective between Workplace and Retirement Domains
Kerry, M. J., & Embretson, S. E. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02316 · Cited by 19
Increasing skepticism toward potential liars: effects of existential threat on veracity judgments and the moderating role of honesty norm activation
Schindler, S., & Reinhard, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01312 · Cited by 13
Self-Protective Altruism
Hirschberger, G. (2013) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12013 · Cited by 13
Killing with a clean conscience: Existential angst and the paradox of morality.
Hirschberger, G., & Pyszczynski, T. (2011) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/13091-018 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
The Unbearable Lightness of Boredom: A Pragmatic Meaning-Regulation Hypothesis
van Tilburg, W. A. P., & Igou, E. R. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-26395-9_2 · Cited by 13
On the Role of Materialism in the Relationship Between Death Anxiety and Quality of Life
Urien, B., & Kilbourne, W. E. (2008) · ACR North American Advances · Cited by 13
Segmenting and predicting prosocial behaviours among tourists: a latent class approach
Agyeiwaah, E., & Bangwayo-Skeete, P. (2023) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2023.2229935 · Cited by 16
The Fear of Personal Death and the Willingness to Commit to Organ Donation
Kogut, T., Pittarello, A., & Slovic, P. (2023) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506231198135 · Cited by 13
Bequests to health‐related charitable organisations: a structural model
Sikkel, D., & Schoenmakers, E. (2012) · International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing · doi:10.1002/nvsm.1421 · Cited by 12
Would You Turn Off a Robot because It Confronts You with your Own Mortality?
Spatola, N. (2020) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3371382.3380736 · Cited by 12
The ancestor effect: Thinking about our genetic origin enhances intellectual performance
Fischer, P., Sauer, A., Vogrincic-Haselbacher, C., & Weisweiler, S. (2010) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.778 · Cited by 12
Death in Groups: Mortality Salience and the Interindividual-Intergroup Discontinuity Effect
McPherson, S., & Joireman, J. A. (2009) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430209105044 · Cited by 12
Dedicate Your Life to the Company! A Terror Management Perspective on Organizations
Jonas, E., Kauffeld, S., Sullivan, D., & Fritsche, I. (2011) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00854.x · Cited by 12
Self-citation
Needs of Victims of Terrorism
Pemberton, A. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-3025-2_3 · Cited by 15
Managing the terror of publication bias: A comprehensive p-curve analysis of the Terror Management Theory literature
Chen, L., Benjamin, R., Lai, A., & Heine, S. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/kuhy6 · Cited by 14
Big Data Analysis of Terror Management Theory’s Predictions in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Chew, P. K. H. (2024) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228221092583 · Cited by 12
Subconscious Gatekeeping: The Effect of Death Thoughts on Bias Toward Outgroups in News Writing
Cuillier, D. (2012) · Mass Communication and Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2011.568317 · Cited by 11
An unscathed past in the face of death: Mortality salience reduces individuals' regrets
Rudert, S. C., Reutner, L., Walker, M., & Greifeneder, R. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.12.006 · Cited by 11
The Influence of Mortality Focus on Guilt Advertising Effectiveness
Lee‐Wingate, S. N., Moon, J. Y., & Bose, M. (2014) · The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice · doi:10.2753/mtp1069-6679220107 · Cited by 11
Changing prosocial values following an existential threat as a function of political orientation: Understanding the effects of armed conflicts from a terror management perspective
Naveh-Kedem, Y., & Sverdlik, N. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.07.004 · Cited by 11
The Role of Death in Life: Exploring the Interface Between Terror Management Theory and Evolutionary Psychology
Pyszczynski, T. (2019) · Evolutionary psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-25466-7_1 · Cited by 11
Self-citation
Does self‐esteem inflation mitigate mortality salience effects on suicide attitudes?
Kheibari, A., & Cerel, J. (2021) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12759 · Cited by 11
Self-compassion as a buffer against concrete but not abstract threat
Gerber, Z., & Anaki, D. (2018) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2018.1511195 · Cited by 11
Charitable Giving in Times of Covid-19: Do Crises Forward the Better or the Worse in Individuals?
Litofcenko, J., Meyer, M., Neumayr, M., & Pennerstorfer, A. (2023) · VOLUNTAS International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations · doi:10.1007/s11266-023-00558-y · Cited by 11
Empathy, Social Dominance Orientation, Mortality Salience, and Perceptions of a Criminal Defendant
Crawley, D., & Suarez, R. (2016) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244016629185 · Cited by 11
The allure of starting afresh: the effects of mortality-related sadness on the effectiveness of fresh start appeals
Septianto, F., Khan, S. R., Seo, Y., & Shi, L. (2020) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-06-2019-0546 · Cited by 10
An Economic Model of Mortality Salience in Personal Financial Decision Making: Applications to Annuities, Life Insurance, Charitable Gifts, Estate Planning, Conspicuous Consumption, and Healthcare
James, R. N. (2016) · Journal of Financial Therapy · doi:10.4148/1944-9771.1122 · Cited by 10
Beyond doubt in a dangerous world: The effect of existential threats on the certitude of societal discourse
Simchon, A., Turkin, C., Svoray, T., Kloog, I., Dorman, M., & Gilead, M. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104221 · Cited by 10
The Effect of the Number and Identification of Recipients on Organ-Donation Decisions
Harel, I., & Kogut, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.794422 · Cited by 10
Managerial Effectiveness as a Function of Culture and Tolerance of Ambiguity: A Cross-cultural Study of India and Fiji
Pathak, R. D., Chauhan, V. S., Dhar, U., & Gramberg, B. V. (2009) · Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) · Cited by 10
Death? Be Proud! The Ironic Effects of Terror Salience on Implicit Self‐Esteem
Gurari, I., Strube, M., & Hetts, J. J. (2009) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2008.00448.x · Cited by 9
International and Domestic Altruism: A Study Among the Adult Population in Norway
Straume, S., & Odéen, M. (2010) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00590.x · Cited by 9
The psychology of defensiveness: an integrative security system model of attachment, self-esteem and worldviews
Hartshome, J. K. (2015) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 9
Changing Minds: A Psychodynamic Interpretation of Kuhnian Paradigm Change
Elad‐Strenger, J. (2013) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030998 · Cited by 9
The sense of community for the Chinese nation among different ethnic groups: The role of perceived ethnic group continuity and ethnic group identity
Ma, W., Jiang, H., Bao, Y., & Liu, G. (2025) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2025.102222 · Cited by 8
The Curse and the Blessing
Rothschild, L., Lifshin, U., Helm, P. J., & Greenberg, J. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811844-3.00007-x · Cited by 9
Self-citation
The final outcome of charitable bequest gift intentions: Findings and implications for legacy fundraising
Wishart, R., & James, R. N. (2020) · Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing · doi:10.1002/nvsm.1703 · Cited by 8
COVID-19 Worries Predict Aging Preparation: Culture- and Domain-Specific Perspectives
Kim-Knauss, Y., Lang, F. R., Rupprecht, F. S., Martin, K., & Fung, H. H.-L. (2022) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbac078 · Cited by 8
Augmented reality and nonprofit marketing during the COVID ‐19 pandemic: AR factors that influence community participation and willingness to contribute to causes
Yoo, S., Drumwright, M. E., & Piscarac, D. (2023) · Nonprofit Management and Leadership · doi:10.1002/nml.21558 · Cited by 8
I’d Rather Die Than Be with You: The Effects of Mortality Salience and Negative Social Identity on Identification with a Virtual Group
Frischlich, L., Rieger, D., & Rutkowski, O. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07632-4_42 · Cited by 8
Terror Management and Civic Engagement
Green, J., & Merle, P. F. (2013) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000095 · Cited by 8
The Anxiety-Buffering Properties of Cultural and Subcultural Worldviews: Terror Management Processes among Juvenile Delinquents
Baka, Ł., Derbis, R., & Maxfield, M. (2012) · Polish Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.2478/v10059-012-0001-x · Cited by 8
The downside of feeling better: Self-regard repair harms performance
Johnson, C. S., Norton, M. I., Nelson, L. D., Stapel, D. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (2008) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860701438414 · Cited by 8
Retracted
When Death Is Compelling: Door-in-the-Face Compliance Under Mortality Salience
Schindler, S., & Reinhard, M.-A. (2015) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000252 · Cited by 11
Re-examining the relationship between mortality salience and prosocial behavior in Chinese context
Xiao, Q., He, W., & Zhu, Y. (2016) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2016.1268220 · Cited by 7
Behavioural primes in the voting booth: Further evidence of priming effects in popular votes and elections
Fatke, M. (2015) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2015.10.008 · Cited by 7
The Birth and Death of Belonging
Schimel, J., & Greenberg, J. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195398700.013.0027 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
Effects of mortality salience aroused by threats against human identity on intergroup bias
Agustin, E.-E. (2009) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.597 · Cited by 7
Giving in consumer research and marketing: A state of the art
Gall‐Ely, M. L. (2013) · Recherche et Applications en Marketing (English Edition) · doi:10.1177/2051570714521917 · Cited by 7
Self‐transcendence as a psychological parenthood motive: When mortality salience increases the desire for non‐biological children
Hoppe, A., Fritsche, I., & Koranyi, N. (2016) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2218 · Cited by 7
Distinct effects of reminding mortality and physical pain on the default-mode activity and activity underlying self-reflection
Shi, Z., & Han, S. (2017) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2017.1329165 · Cited by 7
Mortality salience and helping behavior amidst public crisis: cross-sectional evidence during COVID-19
Xie, Q., Yan, Y., Lai, J., & Wei, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1455818 · Cited by 6
The role of mortality salience in tourism marketing messages during a global health crisis
Deng, T., Chu, S.-C., Stafford, M. R., & Cheng, H. (2025) · Tourism and Hospitality Research · doi:10.1177/14673584241313338 · Cited by 6
Quid pro quo: The effect of individuals' exchange orientation on prosocial behavior and the moderating role of mortality salience
Schindler, S., Reinhard, M., Stahlberg, D., & Len, A. (2013) · Social Influence · doi:10.1080/15534510.2013.815132 · Cited by 6
Does mortality salience produce positive effects on hotel employee behaviors? A temporal distance perspective
Zhang, J.-C., Xie, C.-W., Li, W.-T., & Huang, S. (2025) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2025.105193 · Cited by 6
Mortality Morality: Effect of Death Thoughts on Journalism Students' Attitudes Toward Relativism, Idealism, and Ethics
Cuillier, D. (2009) · Journal of Mass Media Ethics · doi:10.1080/08900520802644394 · Cited by 6
The heavy weight of death: how anti‐fat bias is affected by weight‐based group membership and existential threat
Seibert, A., Schindler, S., & Reinhard, M. (2014) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12283 · Cited by 6
Prejudice toward outgroups as a Strategy to Deal with Mortality Threat: Simple Reaction with a Complex Foundation
Maj, M., & Kossowska, M. (2016) · Theoria et Historia Scientiarum · doi:10.12775/ths.2015.002 · Cited by 6
“You kill or you die, or you die and you kill”: Meaning and Violence in AMC 's The Walking Dead
Tenga, A., & Bassett, J. F. (2016) · The Journal of Popular Culture · doi:10.1111/jpcu.12488 · Cited by 6
When You Become a Superman: Subliminal Exposure to Death-Related Stimuli Enhances Men’s Physical Force
Kawakami, N., Miura, E., & Nagai, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00221 · Cited by 9
The effect of mortality salience on weapon bias
Bradley, K. I., & Kennison, S. M. (2011) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.09.006 · Cited by 6
Effects of Mortality Salience on Capital Punishment Sentencing Decisions
Beringer, M., & Wiener, R. L. (2011) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2011.568852 · Cited by 6
Spontaneous charitable donations in Sweden before and after COVID: A natural experiment
Erlandsson, A., Nilsson, A., Alì, P. A., & Västfjäll, D. (2022) · Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing · doi:10.1002/nvsm.1755 · Cited by 7
Intrasexual Selection for Upper Limb Length in Homo sapiens
Caton, N. R., & Lewis, D. M. G. (2025) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.70010 · Cited by 7
Managing the death of close others: Evidence of higher valuing of ingroup identity in young adults who have experienced the death of a close other
Lifshin, U., Helm, P. J., Greenberg, J., Soenke, M., Ashish, D., & Sullivan, D. C. (2017) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2017.1294106 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
The mortality muzzle: The effect of death thoughts on attitudes toward national security and a watchdog press
Cuillier, D., Duell, B., & Joireman, J. A. (2010) · Journalism · doi:10.1177/1464884909355734 · Cited by 6
Percepción de continuidad e identificación grupal: implicaciones para el bienestar social
Herrera, M., Sani, F., & Bowe, M. (2010) · International Journal of Social Psychology Revista de Psicología Social · doi:10.1174/021347410791063804 · Cited by 6
Trading Liberties for Security: Groupthink, Gender, and 9/11 Effects on U.S. Appellate Decision-Making
Reid, R. A., Schorpp, S., & Johnson, S. W. (2019) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x19881627 · Cited by 6
Everyday helping is associated with enhanced mood but greater stress when it is more effortful
Pronizius, E., Forbes, P., Feneberg, A. C., Miculescu, B., Nater, U. M., Piperno, G., Silani, G., Stijovic, A., & Lamm, C. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-75261-z · Cited by 5
Mortality salience and helping intentions: mediating role of search for meaning and moderating role of negotiable fate
Chang, B., Cheng, J., Fang, J., & Lyu, Z. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1507212 · Cited by 6
The interaction effects of mortality salience and power distance belief on luxury hotel booking intention
Su, Q., & Li, F. S. (2025) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2025.03.012 · Cited by 5
Ecocriticism, Theology, and the Environment in Haviva Pedaya’s The Eye of the Cat
Hacohen-Bick, T. (2021) · Worldviews Global Religions Culture and Ecology · doi:10.1163/15685357-20211001 · Cited by 5
‘Into the danger-zone’: How intersubjective processes rooted in social identities shape responses to existential threats
Sonpar, K., Pazzaglia, F., Shrivastava, S., & Garg, Y. (2024) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/00187267231219857 · Cited by 5
Prayer and Helping
Sharp, S. (2018) · Social Currents · doi:10.1177/2329496518797852 · Cited by 5
Personalized giving: Configurational approach in examining demographics, morality, and prosocial intentions
Septianto, F., An, J., & Soegianto, B. (2019) · Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science · doi:10.1080/21639159.2019.1622433 · Cited by 5
The terror management effects of a disaster song
Higgins, L., MacIntyre, P. D., Ross, J., & Sparling, H. (2019) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735618792404 · Cited by 9
From a terror management perspective: The efficacy of self-affirmation on organ donation-related thoughts and intentions in China
Wang, X. (2020) · Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2020.1726858 · Cited by 4
The Existential Underpinnings of Intergroup Helping: When Normative and Defensive Motivations Collide
Hirschberger, G., Hayes, J., Shtrul, A., & Ein‐Dor, T. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167217718524 · Cited by 5
Modelling Everyday Understandings of Mortality: A Qualitative Enquiry
McEwan, O., McDermott, M. R., & Hefferon, K. (2018) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022167818787908 · Cited by 5
Charitable giving: How ego-threats impact donations of time and money
Duclos, R., Bettman, J., Bloom, P., & Zauberman, G. S. (2007) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e722292011-010 · Cited by 4
Death, ideology, and worldview: Evidence of death anxiety but not mortality salience effects on political ideology and worldviewPreprint
Nilsson, A., & Sinclair, S. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/anh8v · Cited by 5
Do salient social norms moderate mortality salience effects? A (challenging) meta-analysis of terror management studiesPreprint
Schindler, S., Hilgard, J., Fritsche, I., Burke, B., & Pfattheicher, S. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/8y6me · Cited by 5
Educational Applications of Buddhist Meditations on Death
Moon, H. G. (2020) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel11060269 · Cited by 5
“…such as meaning of life and meaning of happiness, instead of external values, such as money, fame, and wealth (Vail et al. 2012, pp. 305–18).3 Due to this, proponents of TMT argue that thinking about death can lead to a true and positive orientation to life (Jonas et al. 2002, pp. 1346–349).”
Background
Mortality Salience and Worldview Affirmation Strengthen Support for Foreign Products
Sullivan, D., Jonas, E., & Jodlbauer, B. (2011) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000076 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
How Individuals’ Health and Wealth Are Associated with Their Donation Behavior and Motivations
Konrath, S., Handy, F., Wright, S. M., Griffith, K. A., & Jagsi, R. (2023) · Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing · doi:10.1080/10495142.2023.2262983 · Cited by 4
Life is too short to be small: An experiment on mortality salience and prosocial behavior
Bao, T., Li, X., & Xia, C. (2024) · China Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2024.102191 · Cited by 4
Life-after-death beliefs and self motivations
Echabe, A. E., & Perez, S. (2016) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2016.1181601 · Cited by 4
Are distributional preferences for safety stable? A longitudinal analysis before and after the COVID-19 outbreak
Arroyos-Calvera, D., Covey, J. A., & McDonald, R. L. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115855 · Cited by 4
Implicit aggression following exposure to people with physical disabilities: The costs of inhibiting self-protective processes
Talmor, D., Hirschberger, G., Seeman, S., Ein‐Dor, T., & Mikulincer, M. (2019) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-019-09757-x · Cited by 4
Mortality salience in professionals witnessing death: The effects of mortality manipulation on doctors’ evaluations
Arslantürk, G., Baykan, N., & Durukan, P. (2019) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2019.1692969 · Cited by 4
Mortality Salience and Positive Affect Influence Adolescents' Attitudes Toward Peers with Physical Disabilities: Terror Management and Broaden and Build Theories
Ben‐Ari, O. T. –., Eherenfreund-Hager, A., & Findler, L. (2011) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2010.501012 · Cited by 4
All Else Being Equal: Overcoming the Egalitarian Norm
Bornstein, B. H., Gervais, S. J., Dietrich, H. L., & Escamilla, J. H. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0623-9_1 · Cited by 4
Terror Management Theory: Interplay between Mortality Salience, Death-Thoughts, and Overall Worldview Defense
Shatil, S. (2012) · e-Publications@Marquette (Marquette University) · Cited by 4
Terror Management Theory
Ayars, A., Lifshin, U., & Greenberg, J. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0331 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Terror Management Theory in the Consumer Domain: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis on Mortality Salience Driven Consumer Responses
Arendsen, J. L., Brugman, B. C., van Koningsbruggen, G. M., & Fransen, M. L. (2025) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.70056 · Cited by 4
“…these findings of increased materialistic tendencies, other studies demonstrated that MS results in increased monetary donations (Cai and Wyer 2015; Jonas et al. 2002), increased intentions to donate possessions (Dunn et al. 2020), sharing more with others (Zaleskiewicz et al. 2015) saving as…”
Environmental Threats Increase Consumers' Purchase Intention of Cause‐Related Marketing Products Through Collective Fear and Collective Guilt: A Perspective of Group‐Based Emotions
Wang, Y., Liu, Y., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.2512 · Cited by 3

Authors: Jonas, E., Schimel, J., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T.
Affiliations: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
University of Alberta (CA)
University of Arizona (US)
University of Colorado Colorado Springs (US)
Corresponding author: Jonas, Eva
ORCID: Jonas, Eva
Greenberg, Jeff
Pyszczynski, Tom
Venue: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2002-10
Volume: 28
Issue: 10
Pages: 1342-1353
ISSN: 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
1552-7433
DOI: 10.1177/014616702236834
OpenAlex: W2049867294
Cited by: 420
References: 50
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 12.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords: mortality salience, terror management theory, prosocial attitudes, prosocial behavior, charitable giving, cultural values, fear of death

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Scrooge Effect: Evidence that Mortality Salience Increases Prosocial Attitudes and Behavior

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks