The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Discreditable: Stigma Effects of Revealing a Mental Illness History on Test Performance
Abstract
In three studies, the authors examined the effect of revealing a concealable social stigma--mental illness--on intellectual performance. It was hypothesized that revealing this deeply discrediting stigma would result in performance decrements. College students either with or without a history of mental illness (MI) treatment participated. In Study 1, the type of mental illness was left unselected. In Study 2, only participants who reported a history of depression participated. In Study 3, a comparison group of participants with a history of eating disorder were included. Results showed that the MI participants who revealed their history did worse on the reasoning test than did those in the no reveal condition. There was a trend in the opposite direction for participants with no MI. As predicted, revealing a narrower stigma, eating disorder, did not affect performance. The results are discussed in terms of identity threat and concealable stigmas.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In a similar manner to other stigmatised identities (e.g. mental illness; Quinn et al., 2004), autism could be conceptualised as existing on a continuum from conspicuous to concealable, depending on an individual’s particular profile of autistic behaviours as well as their ability to conceal these behaviours.”
From Camouflaging in an everyday social context: An interpersonal recall study (2021) · cites this paper as Quinn et al., 2004
Citations
Cites
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126
Kessler, R. C. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 · Cited by 12,370
Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans.
Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797 · Cited by 9,020
A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance
Steele, C. M. (1997) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.52.6.613 · Cited by 6,770
Stereotype Threat and Women's Math Performance
Spencer, S. J., Steele, C. M., & Quinn, D. M. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1998.1373 · Cited by 3,435
Self-citationContending with group image: The psychology of stereotype and social identity threat
Steele, C. M., Spencer, S. J., & Aronson, J. (2002) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(02)80009-0 · Cited by 2,201
Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem.
Heatherton, T. F., & Polivy, J. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.895 · Cited by 2,007
A Modified Labeling Theory Approach to Mental Disorders: An Empirical Assessment
Link, B. G., Cullen, F. T., Struening, E., Shrout, P. E., & Dohrenwend, B. P. (1989) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095613 · Cited by 1,935
Link, B. G. (1987) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095395 · Cited by 1,588
Link, B. G., Struening, E. L., Rahav, M., Phelan, J. C., & Nuttbrock, L. (1997) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2955424 · Cited by 1,226
Lessons from social psychology on discrediting psychiatric stigma.
Corrigan, P. W., & Penn, D. L. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.9.765 · Cited by 1,120
Fife, B. L., & Wright, E. R. (2000) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2676360 · Cited by 859
Emotional, Social, and Academic Adjustment of College Students: A Longitudinal Study of Retention
Gerdes, H., & Mallinckrodt, B. (1994) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1994.tb00935.x · Cited by 773
Davies, P. G., Spencer, S. J., Quinn, D. M., & Gerhardstein, R. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616702237644 · Cited by 680
Self-citationHerek, G. M. (1999) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764299042007004 · Cited by 658
Race and the Schooling of Black Americans.
Steele, C. M. (1992) · The Atlantic · Cited by 626
Opinions about mental illness in the personnel of two large mental hospitals.
Cohen, J., & Struening, E. L. (1962) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0045526 · Cited by 555
Labeling Mental Illness: The Effects of Received Services and Perceived Stigma on Life Satisfaction
Rosenfield, S. (1997) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2657432 · Cited by 511
Walton, G. M., & Cohen, G. L. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(03)00019-2 · Cited by 412
Covering up what can't be seen: Concealable stigma and mental control.
Smart, L., & Wegner, D. M. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.77.3.474 · Cited by 373
Quinn, D. M., & Spencer, S. J. (2001) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00201 · Cited by 333
Self-citationMarginal and mindful: Deviants in social interactions.
Frable, D. E. S., Blackstone, T., & Scherbaum, C. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.59.1.140 · Cited by 262
Sibicky, M. E., & Dovidio, J. F. (1986) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.33.2.148 · Cited by 241
Popular conceptions of mental health : their development and change
Nunnally, J. C. (1961) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 176
Depression and Academic Impairment in College Students
Heiligenstein, E. L., Guenther, G., Hsu, K., & Herman, K. (1996) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.1996.9936863 · Cited by 154
Mental illness and the impact of believing others know about it.
Farina, A., Gliha, D., Bourdreau, L. A., Ale, J. G., & Sherman, M. (1971) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0030496 · Cited by 129
The influence of perceived mental illness on interpersonal relations.
Farina, A., & Ring, K. (1965) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0021637 · Cited by 117
Moderator Variables in Personality Research: The Problem of Controlling for Plausible Alternatives
Hull, J. G., Tedlie, J. C., & Lehn, D. A. (1992) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167292182001 · Cited by 92
Disease and discrimination: Two paradigms that describe severe mental illness
PENN, P. W. C. &. D. (1997) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638239718680 · Cited by 72
Second-order effects in mental health treatment.
Graziano, A. M., & Fink, R. S. (1973) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0034549 · Cited by 37
Effects of Counseling on Grades and Retention
Illovsky, M. E. (1997) · Journal of College Student Psychotherapy · doi:10.1300/j035v12n01_04 · Cited by 36
Public Views of Ex-Mental Patients: A Note on Perceived Dangerousness and Unpredictability
Fracchia, J., Canale, D., Cambria, E., Ruest, E., & Sheppard, C. R. C. (1976) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1976.38.2.495 · Cited by 35
A framework for initiating supported education programs.
Mowbray, C. T., Moxley, D. P., & Brown, K. S. (1993) · Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/h0095619 · Cited by 20
Attributions about Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia
Chiodo, J., Stanley, M. A., & Harvey, J. H. (1984) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.1984.2.3.280 · Cited by 16
Do stereotype threats influence social cognitive deficits in schizophrenia?
Corrigan, P. W., & Holtzman, K. L. (2001) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10407-006 · Cited by 15
Mode of Target Presentation in Measuring the Stigma of Mental Disorder
Farina, A., Boudreau, L. A., Fischer, E. H., & Belt, W. E. (1996) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb01792.x · Cited by 12
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Crocker, J., Major, B. & Steele, C. (1998). Social stigma. In D. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 504-553). New York: McGraw-Hill.
- 10.1037/0022-3514.59.1.140 · DOI
- Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- 10.1037/0022-3514.77.3.474 · DOI · Paper page
- Walton, G. M. & Cohen, G. L. (in press). Stereotypelift. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Social Psychology of Stigma
Major, B., & O'Brien, L. T. (2005) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137 · Cited by 3,114
The psychological implications of concealing a stigma: A cognitive-affective-behavioral model
Pachankis, J. E. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.328 · Cited by 1,305
Chaudoir, S. R., & Fisher, J. D. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0018193 · Cited by 1,058
Quinn, D. M., & Chaudoir, S. R. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015815 · Cited by 934
Self-citationShapiro, J. R., & Williams, A. M. (2012) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-011-0051-0 · Cited by 501
Metadata
- Authors
- Quinn, D. M., Kahng, S. K., & Crocker, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Connecticut (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Quinn, Diane M.
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-07
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 803-815
- ISSN
- 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7433
- OpenAlex
- W1992683841
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 6.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Keywords
- mental health stigma, concealable stigma, test performance, cognitive performance, identity threat, depression, eating disorders, reasoning tests, university students
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Mental Disorders, Depression, Female, Humans, Intelligence Tests, Male, Prejudice, Stereotyping, Task Performance and Analysis, Truth Disclosure
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
