Emotional Consequences of Collective Action Participation: Differentiating Self-Directed and Outgroup-Directed Emotions
Abstract
The present research examines the emotional and behavioral consequences of collective action participation. It demonstrates that “positive” and “negative” emotions can be experienced simultaneously as a result of collective action participation, yet it is important to distinguish outgroup-directed from self-directed emotions. Results of two experiments ( N = 71 and N = 101) that manipulated participation in collective action illustrate that whereas collective action participants experience more outgroup-directed anger and contempt, they feel more self-directed positive affect. Furthermore, collective action participation predicted willingness to engage in moderate and radical collective actions in the future. These relations were mediated by outgroup-directed, but not by self-directed, emotions, suggesting that outgroup-directed rather than self-directed emotions play a crucial role in the maintenance of protest behavior. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
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In an experimental study of German college students, collective action had a positive effect on outgroup-directed contempt.
“+ effect of collective action on self-directed positive affect, outgroup- directed anger and contempt”
From The Effect of Civic Engagement on Different Dimensions of Well-Being in Youth: A Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as Becker et al. (2011)
In an experimental study of German college students, collective action had a positive effect on self-directed positive affect.
“+ effect of collective action on self-directed positive affect, outgroup- directed anger and contempt”
From The Effect of Civic Engagement on Different Dimensions of Well-Being in Youth: A Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as Becker et al. (2011)
In an experimental study of German college students, collective action had a positive effect on outgroup-directed anger.
“+ effect of collective action on self-directed positive affect, outgroup- directed anger and contempt”
From The Effect of Civic Engagement on Different Dimensions of Well-Being in Youth: A Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as Becker et al. (2011)
Collective action was positively associated with positive affect among German youth.
“In the case of protest action, Becker et al. ( 2011) found that collective action was positively associated with positive affect among German youth.”
From The Effect of Civic Engagement on Different Dimensions of Well-Being in Youth: A Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as Becker et al., 2011
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- Authors
- Becker, J. C., Tausch, N., & Wagner, U.
- Affiliations
- Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
- University of St Andrews (GB)
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-07-07
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1587-1598
- ISSN
- 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7433
- OpenAlex
- W2129473610
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 14.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Movements and Cultural Identity
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
- Keywords
- collective action, protest participation, emotions, anger, contempt, positive affect, radicalization
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Emotions, Female, Group Processes, Humans, Male, Social Identification, Personal Autonomy, Young Adult
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