Cited by 173Accounting and Organizational ManagementHuman Resource and Talent ManagementManagement Theory and Practice

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 171 of the 174 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Putting the System Into Performance Management Systems: A Review and Agenda for Performance Management Research

Schleicher, Deidra J., Baumann, Heidi M., Sullivan, David W., Levy, Paul E., Hargrove, Darel C., Barros-Rivera, Brenda A.·2018·Journal of Management

DOI 10.1177/0149206318755303

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

It has been 13 years since the last comprehensive review of the performance management (PM) literature, and a lot has changed in both research and practice in that time. The current review updates (identifying new research directions post 2004) and extends this previous work by creating a systems-based taxonomy and conceptual model of PM. We then use this model to interpret and integrate the extensive work in this area and to identify fruitful and systems-based directions for future PM work. As input to our conclusions, we reviewed the last 36-plus years of PM research (1980–2017) and conducted a comprehensive coding of all empirical PM articles. We offer several specific directions for future PM research, with the ultimate goal of improving PM in practice.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/0149206318755303

Cites

171 of 171 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Harvard business review
(1994) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/0002-8223(94)92216-0 · Cited by 46,726
The Social Psychology of Organizations.
Hackman, J. R., Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1979) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2989929 · Cited by 12,243
The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory.
Kluger, A. N., & DeNisi, A. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.254 · Cited by 5,882
General Systems Theory—The Skeleton of Science
Boulding, K. E. (1956) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2.3.197 · Cited by 2,333
The Social Psychology of Organizations, (2nd Ed)
Wright, P. (1979) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/0003-6870(79)90066-8 · Cited by 1,849
Justice at the millennium, a decade later: A meta-analytic test of social exchange and affect-based perspectives.
Colquitt, J. A., Scott, B. A., Rodell, J. B., Long, D. M., Zapata, C. P., Conlon, D. E., & Wesson, M. J. (2013) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031757 · Cited by 1,462
Performance rating.
Landy, F. J., & Farr, J. L. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.87.1.72 · Cited by 904
Does coaching work? A meta-analysis on the effects of coaching on individual level outcomes in an organizational context
Theeboom, T., Beersma, B., & van Vianen, A. E. M. (2014) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2013.837499 · Cited by 771
The Social Context of Performance Appraisal: A Review and Framework for the Future
Levy, P. E., & Williams, J. (2004) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1016/j.jm.2004.06.005 · Cited by 770
Self-citation
When fit is fundamental: Performance evaluations and promotions of upper-level female and male managers.
Lyness, K. S., & Heilman, M. E. (2006) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.4.777 · Cited by 706
Human Resource Management: A Contemporary Approach
Beardwell, J., & Thompson, A. (2003) · Cited by 645
A model for diagnosing organizational behavior
Nadler, D. A., & Tushman, M. L. (1980) · Organizational Dynamics · doi:10.1016/0090-2616(80)90039-x · Cited by 638
DOES PERFORMANCE IMPROVE FOLLOWING MULTISOURCE FEEDBACK? A THEORETICAL MODEL, META‐ANALYSIS, AND REVIEW OF EMPIRICAL FINDINGS
SMITHER, J. W., LONDON, M., & REILLY, R. R. (2005) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2005.514_1.x · Cited by 601
Performance appraisal satisfaction and employee outcomes: mediating and moderating roles of work motivation
Kuvaas, B. (2006) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585190500521581 · Cited by 596
A meta-analytic study of the effects of goal setting on task performance: 1966–1984
Mento, A. J., Steel, R. P., & Karren, R. J. (1987) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/0749-5978(87)90045-8 · Cited by 579
The changing nature of work
Howard, A., & Zedeck, S. (1995) · Jossey-Bass Publishers eBooks · Cited by 562
GETTING CREDIT FOR PROACTIVE BEHAVIOR:SUPERVISOR REACTIONS DEPEND ON WHAT YOU VALUE AND HOW YOU FEEL
Grant, A. M., Parker, S. K., & Collins, C. G. (2009) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.01128.x · Cited by 557
The Feedback Environment Scale: Construct Definition, Measurement, and Validation
Steelman, L. A., Levy, P. E., & Snell, A. F. (2004) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164403258440 · Cited by 534
Self-citation
The Current State of Performance Appraisal Research and Practice: Concerns, Directions, and Implications
Bretz, R. D., Milkovich, G. T., & Read, W. (1992) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920639201800206 · Cited by 505
Performance appraisal: An organizational perspective.
Murphy, K. R., & Cleveland, J. N. (1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 486
Jackson and Schuler (1985) Revisited: A Meta-Analysis of the Relationships Between Role Ambiguity, Role Conflict, and Job Performance
Tubre, T. C., & Collins, J. M. (2000) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920630002600104 · Cited by 481
Performance Appraisal, Performance Management and Improving Individual Performance: A Motivational Framework
Denisi, A., & Pritchard, R. (2006) · Management and Organization Review · doi:10.1111/j.1740-8784.2006.00042.x · Cited by 463
KEEN TO HELP? MANAGERS' IMPLICIT PERSON THEORIES AND THEIR SUBSEQUENT EMPLOYEE COACHING
Heslin, P. A., Vandewalle, D., & Latham, G. P. (2006) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2006.00057.x · Cited by 442
Performance Management: A Model and Research Agenda
Hartog, D. N. D., Boselie, P., & Paauwe, J. (2004) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2004.00188.x · Cited by 434
Cognition: Exploring the Science of the Mind
Reisberg, D. (1996) · Cited by 425
Multiple uses of performance appraisal: Prevalence and correlates.
Cleveland, J. N., Murphy, K. R., & Williams, R. E. (1989) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.74.1.130 · Cited by 423
The Oxford Handbook of Justice in the Workplace
(2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199981410.001.0001 · Cited by 419
Effects of task performance, helping, voice, and organizational loyalty on performance appraisal ratings.
Whiting, S. W., Podsakoff, P., & Pierce, J. (2008) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.125 · Cited by 391
Effects of performance appraisal politics on job satisfaction and turnover intention
Poon, J. M. L. (2004) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/00483480410528850 · Cited by 382
Performance Appraisal, Performance Management, and Firm-Level Performance: A Review, a Proposed Model, and New Directions for Future Research
DeNisi, A. S., & Smith, C. E. (2013) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.1080/19416520.2014.873178 · Cited by 371
Understanding the latent structure of job performance ratings.
Scullen, S. E., Mount, M. K., & Goff, M. (2000) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.6.956 · Cited by 345
The effect of goal setting on group performance: A meta-analysis.
Kleingeld, A., van Mierlo, H., & Arends, L. (2011) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024315 · Cited by 341
Advances in the Treatment of Context in Organizational Research
Johns, G. (2017) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104406 · Cited by 334
How the impact of HR practices on employee well-being and performance changes with age
Kooij, D. T. A. M., Guest, D., Clinton, M., Knight, T., Jansen, P., & Dikkers, J. (2013) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12000 · Cited by 332
National Innovation System
Godin, B. (2009) · Science Technology & Human Values · doi:10.1177/0162243908329187 · Cited by 324
Does HRM facilitate employee creativity and organizational innovation? A study of Chinese firms
Jiang, J., Wang, S., & Zhao, S. (2012) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2012.690567 · Cited by 302
The Pearls and Perils of Identifying Potential
Silzer, R. F., & Church, A. H. (2009) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2009.01163.x · Cited by 290
The Development and Validation of the Feedback Orientation Scale (FOS)
Linderbaum, B. G., & Levy, P. E. (2010) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206310373145 · Cited by 286
Self-citation
Reflection as a strategy to enhance task performance after feedback
Anseel, F., Lievens, F., & Schollaert, E. (2009) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2009.05.003 · Cited by 281
Why Is Performance Management Broken?
Pulakos, E. D., & O'Leary, R. S. (2011) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2011.01315.x · Cited by 256
Getting rid of performance ratings: Genius or folly? A debate
Adler, S., Campion, M., Colquitt, A., Grubb, A., Murphy, K., Ollander-Krane, R., & Pulakos, E. D. (2016) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1017/iop.2015.106 · Cited by 230
Performance Appraisal Process Research in the 1980s: What Has It Contributed to Appraisals in Use?
Ilgen, D. R., Barnes-Farrell, J. L., & McKellin, D. B. (1993) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.1993.1015 · Cited by 227
High commitment performance management: the roles of justice and trust
Farndale, E., Hailey, V. H., & Kelliher, C. (2011) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/00483481111095492 · Cited by 222
Interrater reliability of job performance ratings: Growth to asymptote level with increasing opportunity to observe.
Rothstein, H. R. (1990) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.75.3.322 · Cited by 220
Justice perceptions of performance appraisal practices
Thurston, P. W., & McNall, L. A. (2010) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683941011023712 · Cited by 219
Reward Practices and Performance Management System Effectiveness
Lawler, E. E. (2003) · Organizational Dynamics · doi:10.1016/j.orgdyn.2003.08.007 · Cited by 216
Explaining the Weak Relationship Between Job Performance and Ratings of Job Performance
Murphy, K. R. (2008) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2008.00030.x · Cited by 215
A Covariance Structure Analysis of Employees' Response to Performance Feedback.
Kinicki, A. J., Prussia, G. E., Wu, B. (., & McKee‐Ryan, F. M. (2004) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.6.1057 · Cited by 214
An empirical study of high performance HRM practices in Chinese SMEs
Zheng, C. S.-M., Morrison, M., & O’Neill, G. (2006) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585190600965282 · Cited by 210
The Value of Feedback and Goal Setting Over Goal Setting Alone and Potential Moderators of this Effect: a Meta-Analysis
Neubert, M. J. (1998) · Human Performance · doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1104_2 · Cited by 203
The Role of Leader-Member Exchange in the Performance Appraisal Process
Elicker, J. D., Levy, P. E., & Hall, R. J. (2006) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206306286622 · Cited by 203
Self-citation
The relationship between human resource management practices, business strategy and firm performance: evidence from steel industry in Taiwan
Lee, F.-H., Lee, T., & Wu, W.-Y. (2010) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2010.488428 · Cited by 180
The productivity measurement and enhancement system: A meta-analysis.
Pritchard, R. D., Harrell, M. M., DiazGranados, D., & Guzman, M. J. (2008) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.540 · Cited by 170
Performance Appraisal Procedural Justice: The Role of a Manager’s Implicit Person Theory
Heslin, P. A., & Vandewalle, D. (2009) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206309342895 · Cited by 169
Reinventing performance management
Buckingham, M., & Goodall, A. (2015) · Harvard business review · Cited by 164
Different relationships between perceptions of developmental performance appraisal and work performance
Kuvaas, B. (2007) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/00483480710731338 · Cited by 163
The Mediating Role of Affective Commitment in the Relation of the Feedback Environment to Work Outcomes.
Norris‐Watts, C., & Levy, P. (2004) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2003.08.003 · Cited by 160
Self-citation
Accountability in a Performance Appraisal Context: The Effect of Audience and Form of Accounting on Rater Response and Behavior
Mero, N. P., Guidice, R. M., & Brownlee, A. L. (2007) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206306297633 · Cited by 141
Performance management effectiveness: practices or context?
Haines, V., & St-Onge, S. (2012) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2011.561230 · Cited by 140
National cultures, performance appraisal practices, and organizational absenteeism and turnover: A study across 21 countries.
Peretz, H., & Fried, Y. (2011) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026011 · Cited by 135
Can performance appraisals motivate employees to improve performance? A Mexican study
Selvarajan, T. T., & Cloninger, P. A. (2011) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2011.637069 · Cited by 130
Employee performance management culture and system features in higher education: relationship with employee performance management satisfaction
Decramer, A., Smolders, C., & Vanderstraeten, A. (2013) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2012.680602 · Cited by 127
The Effects of Performance Rating, Leader–Member Exchange, Perceived Utility, and Organizational Justice on Performance Appraisal Satisfaction: Applying a Moral Judgment Perspective
Dusterhoff, C., Cunningham, J., & MacGregor, J. N. (2013) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-013-1634-1 · Cited by 127
The invisible eye? Electronic performance monitoring and employee job performance
Bhave, D. P. (2013) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12046 · Cited by 124
Perceived purposes of performance appraisal: Correlates of individual‐ and position‐focused purposes on attitudinal outcomes
Youngcourt, S. S., Leiva, P. I., & Jones, R. G. (2007) · Human Resource Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/hrdq.1207 · Cited by 117
Rating leniency and halo in multisource feedback ratings: Testing cultural assumptions of power distance and individualism-collectivism.
Ng, K., Koh, C. S. K., Ang, S., Kennedy, J. C., & Chan, K.-Y. (2011) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023368 · Cited by 115
Understanding performance appraisal fairness
Kavanagh, P., BENSON, J. A., & Brown, M. (2007) · Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.1177/1038411107079108 · Cited by 112
Organization of information in memory and the performance appraisal process: Evidence from the field.
DeNisi, A. S., & Peters, L. H. (1996) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.81.6.717 · Cited by 111
The interactive role of performance appraisal reactions and regular feedback
Kuvaas, B. (2011) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683941111102164 · Cited by 110
An examination of the effect of computerized performance monitoring feedback on monitoring fairness, performance, and satisfaction
Alder, G. S., & Ambrose, M. L. (2005) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.003 · Cited by 108
An exploratory analysis of the influence of human resource management activities and organizational climate on job satisfaction in Turkish banks
Kaya, N., Koç, E., & Topcu, D. (2010) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2010.505104 · Cited by 106
Development and Validation of the Performance Management Behavior Questionnaire
Kinicki, A. J., Jacobson, K. J. L., Peterson, S. J., & Prussia, G. E. (2012) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12013 · Cited by 102
Evidence-Based Management and the Trustworthiness of Our Cumulative Scientific Knowledge: Implications for Teaching, Research, and Practice
Kepes, S., Bennett, A. A., & McDaniel, M. A. (2014) · Academy of Management Learning and Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2013.0193 · Cited by 99
Performance appraisal, employee development and organizational justice: exploring the linkages
Nurse, L. (2005) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585190500144012 · Cited by 98
Feedback and the rationing of time and effort among competing tasks.
Northcraft, G. B., Schmidt, A. M., & Ashford, S. J. (2011) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023221 · Cited by 96
It's not me, it's you: A multilevel examination of variables that impact employee coaching relationships.
Gregory, J. B., & Levy, P. E. (2011) · Consulting psychology journal · doi:10.1037/a0024152 · Cited by 94
Self-citation
Human resource practices and individual knowledge-sharing behavior – an empirical study for Taiwanese R&D professionals
Liu, N., & Liu, M. (2011) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2011.555138 · Cited by 93
Employee coaching relationships: enhancing construct clarity and measurement
Gregory, J. B., & Levy, P. E. (2010) · Coaching An International Journal of Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/17521882.2010.502901 · Cited by 91
Self-citation
Employee performance management across borders: A review of relevant academic literature
Claus, L., & Briscoe, D. R. (2008) · International Journal of Management Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2370.2008.00237.x · Cited by 90
Evaluating frame-of-reference rater training effectiveness using performance schema accuracy.
Gorman, C. A., & Rentsch, J. R. (2009) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016476 · Cited by 87
Comparison of online and traditional performance appraisal systems
Payne, S. C., Horner, M. T., Boswell, W. R., Schroeder, A. N., & Kelleen, S.-C. (2009) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683940910974116 · Cited by 86
Dimensions of performance appraisal systems in Jordanian private and public organizations
Abu‐Doleh, J., & Weir, D. (2007) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585190601068334 · Cited by 83
Assessing measurement equivalence across rating sources: A multitrait-multirater approach.
Woehr, D. J., Sheehan, M. K., & Bennett, W. R. (2005) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.3.592 · Cited by 81
Development of a model of the feedback process within executive coaching.
Gregory, J. B., Levy, P. E., & Jeffers, M. (2008) · Consulting psychology journal · doi:10.1037/1065-9293.60.1.42 · Cited by 81
Self-citation
The relative importance of task, citizenship and counterproductive performance to job performance ratings: Do rater source and team‐based culture matter?
Lievens, F., Conway, J. M., & Corte, W. D. (2008) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1348/096317907x182971 · Cited by 78
Performance Management and Appraisal in Human Service Organizations: Management and Staff Perspectives
Selden, S. C., & Sowa, J. E. (2011) · Public Personnel Management · doi:10.1177/009102601104000305 · Cited by 76
Performance appraisal process and organizational citizenship behavior
Zheng, W., Zhang, M., & Li, H. (2012) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683941211259548 · Cited by 75
Participation in the design of performance management systems: a quasi‐experimental field study
Kleingeld, A., van Tuijl, H. F. J. M., & Algera, J. A. (2004) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.266 · Cited by 74
Goal‐setting in practice
Bipp, T., & Kleingeld, A. (2011) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/00483481111118630 · Cited by 73
Electronic performance appraisals: The effects of e-mail communication on peer ratings in actual and simulated environments
Kurtzberg, T. R., Naquin, C. E., & Belkin, L. Y. (2005) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.07.001 · Cited by 73
Human Resource Management Practices and Organizational Commitment in Different Organizations
Shahnawaz, M. G., & Juyal, R. C. (2006) · Cited by 72
Implementing an employee performance management system in a nonprofit organization
Becker, K. L., Antuar, N., & Everett, C. (2011) · Nonprofit Management and Leadership · doi:10.1002/nml.20024 · Cited by 71
Importance of system and leadership in performance appraisal
Tuytens, M., & Devos, G. (2012) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/00483481211263692 · Cited by 71
Sources of Political Distortions in Performance Appraisals
Curtis, A. B., Harvey, R. D., & Ravden, D. (2004) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601104267666 · Cited by 69
Rater Reactions to Forced Distribution Rating Systems
Schleicher, D. J., Schaefer, R. A. B., & Green, S. G. (2008) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206307312514 · Cited by 69
Self-citation
Taking advantage of social comparisons in performance appraisal: The relative percentile method
Goffin, R. D., Jelley, R. B., Powell, D. M., & Johnston, N. G. (2009) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.20278 · Cited by 66
Understanding performance ratings: Dynamic performance, attributions, and rating purpose.
Reb, J. M., & Greguras, G. J. (2010) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017237 · Cited by 63
Human resource management practices and psychological contracts in Swiss firms: an employer perspective
Raeder, S., Knorr, U., & Hilb, M. (2011) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2011.637066 · Cited by 56
The influence of strategic HRM and sector on perceived performance in health services organizations
Rodwell, J., & Teo, S. (2008) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585190802323934 · Cited by 56
Effects of rater goals on rating patterns: Evidence from an experimental field study.
Wong, K. F. E., & Kwong, J. Y. Y. (2007) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.577 · Cited by 56
Seeing through the screen: is evaluative feedback communicated more effectively in face-to-face or computer-mediated exchanges?
Hebert, B. G., & Vorauer, J. D. (2003) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0747-5632(02)00031-6 · Cited by 55
Performance Appraisal Satisfaction
Culbertson, S. S., Henning, J. B., & Payne, S. C. (2013) · Journal of Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000096 · Cited by 55
One Page Talent Management: Eliminating Complexity, Adding Value
Effron, M., & Ort, M. (2010) · Cited by 53
Weekly Feedback vs. Daily Feedback
Pampino, R. N., MacDonald, J. E., Mullin, J. E., & Wilder, D. A. (2004) · Journal of Organizational Behavior Management · doi:10.1300/j075v23n02_03 · Cited by 53
Performance Management: A Marriage between Practice and Science – Just Say “I do”
Levy, P. E., Tseng, S. T., Rosen, C. C., & Lueke, S. B. (2017) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s0742-730120170000035005 · Cited by 51
Self-citation
The roles of rater goals and ratee performance levels in the distortion of performance ratings.
Wang, X. M., Wong, K. F. E., & Kwong, J. Y. Y. (2010) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018866 · Cited by 49
Research Streams in Rater Self-Efficacy
Bernardin, H. J., & Villanova, P. D. (2004) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601104267675 · Cited by 49
The role of proximal social contexts: Assessing stigma-by-association effects on leader appraisals.
Hernandez, M., Avery, D. R., Tonidandel, S., Hebl, M. R., Smith, A. N., & McKay, P. F. (2015) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000030 · Cited by 48
Investigating Some Neglected Criteria: The Influence of Organizational Level and Perceived System Knowledge on Appraisal Reactions
Williams, J. R., & Levy, P. E. (2000) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1022988402319 · Cited by 47
Self-citation
Matching Versus Mismatching Cultural Norms in Performance Appraisal
Mok, A., Cheng, C., & Morris, M. W. (2010) · International Journal of Cross Cultural Management · doi:10.1177/1470595809359584 · Cited by 46
Who is attracted to an organisation using a forced distribution performance management system?
Blume, B. D., Rubin, R. S., & Baldwin, T. T. (2013) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12016 · Cited by 45
From approach to inhibition: The influence of power on responses to poor performers.
Ferguson, A. J., Ormiston, M. E., & Moon, H. K. (2010) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018376 · Cited by 44
Employee feedback orientation: implications for effective coaching relationships
Gregory, J. B., & Levy, P. E. (2012) · Coaching An International Journal of Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/17521882.2012.691888 · Cited by 44
Self-citation
Rating Performance or Contesting Status: Evidence Against the Homophily Explanation for Supervisor Demographic Skew in Performance Ratings
Pearce, J. L., & Xu, Q. J. (2010) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1100.0585 · Cited by 44
Organizational rewards: considering employee need in allocation
Day, J. W., Holladay, C. L., Johnson, S. K., & Barron, L. G. (2014) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-09-2012-0156 · Cited by 43
Inherently Relational: Interactions between Peers’ and Individuals’ Personalities Impact Reward Giving and Appraisal of Individual Performance
Erez, A., Schilpzand, P., Leavitt, K., Woolum, A. H., & Judge, T. A. (2014) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2011.0214 · Cited by 43
Employee perceptions of performance appraisal fairness in two organizations.
Evans, E. M., & McShane, S. L. (1988) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/h0079926 · Cited by 43
Can usefulness of performance appraisal interviews change organizational justice perceptions? A 4-year longitudinal study among public sector employees
Linna, A., Elovainio, M. J., van den Bos, K., Mika Kivimaki, B., Pentti, J., & Vahtera, J. (2011) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2011.579915 · Cited by 42
Unfairness begets unfairness: Victim derogation bias in employee ratings
Skarlicki, D. P., & Turner, R. A. (2014) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2013.11.004 · Cited by 41
Global Performance Management Systems
Cascio, W. F. (2006) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781845428235.00016 · Cited by 40
Managerial Discretion in the Use Of Self-Ratings in an Appraisal System: The Antecedents And Consequences
Inderrieden, E. J., Allen, R. E. B., & Keaveny, T. J. (2004) · e-Publications@Marquette (Marquette University) · Cited by 39
Subordinate Reactions to the Use of Impression Management Tactics and Feedback by the Supervisor
Kacmar, K. M., Wayne, S. J., & Wright, P. M. (1996) · Journal of managerial issues · Cited by 37
Source-Monitoring Training: Toward Reducing Rater Expectancy Effects in Behavioral Measurement.
Martell, R. F., & Evans, D. P. (2005) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.956 · Cited by 37
Accuracy and effectiveness in appraisal outcomes: the influence of self‐efficacy, personal factors and organisational variables
Wood, R. E., & Marshall, V. (2008) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1748-8583.2008.00067.x · Cited by 37 · cited 2×
“…Hope-Hailey, & Kelliher, 2011) Resources ● Charismatic leadership (Tuytens & Devos, 2012a) ● Leadership support (Ayers, 2013) ● Senior management concern for PM (Wood & Marshall, 2008) ● Organizational investment in PM (Yang & Klaas, 2011) Strategy and PM purpose ● Strategic integration…”
Background
Performance Management
Boselie, P., Farndale, E., & Paauwe, J. (2012) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9780857938718.00022 · Cited by 37
Building Goal Alignment in Federal Agencies’ Performance Appraisal Programs
Ayers, R. S. (2013) · Public Personnel Management · doi:10.1177/0091026013496077 · Cited by 35
Declared versus actual organizational culture as indicated by an organization's performance appraisal
Hofstetter, H., & Harpaz, I. (2011) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2011.561217 · Cited by 35
Identifying acceptable performance appraisal criteria: An international perspective
Taormina, R. J., & Gao, J. (2009) · Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.1177/1038411108099292 · Cited by 34
High tech and high performance: Managing appraisal in the information age
Miller, J. S. (2003) · Journal of Labor Research · doi:10.1007/s12122-003-1004-3 · Cited by 34
Exploration, exploitation and human resource management practices in cooperative and entrepreneurial HR configurations
Medcof, J. W., & Song, L. J. (2013) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2012.756055 · Cited by 34
Forced distribution rating systems: When does “rank and yank” lead to adverse impact?
Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., & Switzer, F. S. (2014) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037191 · Cited by 32
Examining the Role of Narrative Performance Appraisal Comments on Performance
David, E. (2013) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2013.836197 · Cited by 32
Performance management in unionized settings
Brown, T. C., & Warren, A. M. (2010) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2010.09.005 · Cited by 32
Systems Model of the Performance Appraisal Interview Process
Klein, H. J., Snell, S. A., & Wexley, K. N. (1987) · Industrial Relations A Journal of Economy and Society · doi:10.1111/j.1468-232x.1987.tb00711.x · Cited by 31
Expatriate performance management and firm internationalization: Australian multinationals in China
Fee, A., McGrath‐Champ, S., & Yang, X. (2011) · Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.1177/1038411111413529 · Cited by 30
Pay dispersion and the financial performance of the firm: evidence from Korea
Yang, H., & Klaas, B. S. (2011) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2011.580182 · Cited by 30
Impression management tactics and affective context: influence on sales performance appraisal
Bande, B., González, J. A. V., Ferrín, P. F., & Araújo, M. L. D. R. (2007) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/03090560710737651 · Cited by 29
Attitudes of Malaysian Teachers Toward a Performance‐Appraisal System
Rahman, S. A. (2006) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00141.x · Cited by 29
Frequency and Determinants of Residents’ Narrative Feedback on the Teaching Performance of Faculty
van der Leeuw, R. M., Overeem, K., Arah, O. A., Heineman, M. J., & Lombarts, K. M. J. M. H. (2013) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e31829e3af4 · Cited by 28
The impact of rater agreeableness and rating context on the evaluation of poor performance
Randall, R., & Sharples, D. (2010) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1348/2044-8325.002002 · Cited by 28
'It's Not My Fault-But Only I Can Change It": Counterfactual and Prefactual Thoughts of Managers.
Goerke, M., Møller, J., Schulz‐Hardt, S., Napiersky, U., & Frey, D. (2004) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.2.279 · Cited by 27
The Influence of a Manager's Own Performance Appraisal on the Evaluation of Others
Latham, G. P., Budworth, M.-H. E., Yanar, B., & Whyte, G. (2008) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2389.2008.00428.x · Cited by 27
The effect of procedural justice in the relationship between charismatic leadership and feedback reactions in performance appraisal
Tuytens, M., & Devos, G. (2012) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2011.639535 · Cited by 27
Between-Individual Comparisons in Performance Evaluation: A Perspective From Prospect Theory.
Wong, K. F. E., & Kwong, J. Y. Y. (2005) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.2.284 · Cited by 27
Unionised employee's reactions to the introduction of a goal‐based performance appraisal system1
Krats, P., & Brown, T. C. (2012) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1748-8583.2012.00205.x · Cited by 26
A comparative study of performance appraisals, incentives and rewards practices in domestic and multinational enterprises in the country of Brunei Darussalam
Singh, S., Mohamed, A. F., & Darwish, T. K. (2013) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2013.777933 · Cited by 26
Do Raters Consider the Influence of Situational Factors on Observed Performance When Evaluating Performance? Evidence From Three Experiments
Jawahar, I. M. “. (2004) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601104267664 · Cited by 24
Performance appraisal politics from appraisee perspective: a study of antecedents in the Indian context
Dhiman, A., & Maheshwari, S. K. (2012) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2012.706816 · Cited by 22
Private child welfare agency managers' perceptions of the effectiveness of different performance management strategies
Collins‐Camargo, C., Chuang, E., McBeath, B., & Bunger, A. C. (2014) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.01.019 · Cited by 21
Effects on organizational context (culture and climate) from implementing a 360-degree feedback system: The case of Arcelik
Mamatoğlu, N. (2008) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/13594320802281094 · Cited by 21
Exploring cultural dimensions as predictors of performance management preferences: the case of self-initiating expatriate New Zealanders in Belgium
Ellis, D. R. (2011) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2011.581634 · Cited by 21
The impact of interdependence on performance evaluations: the mediating role of discomfort with performance appraisal
Robertson, M. C. S., & Brutus, S. (2013) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2013.792864 · Cited by 20
Combining Workstation Design and Performance Management to Increase Ergonomically Correct Computer Typing Postures
Culig, K. M., Dickinson, A. M., Lindstrom-Hazel, D., & Austin, J. (2008) · Journal of Organizational Behavior Management · doi:10.1080/01608060802251064 · Cited by 19
Impact and Causes of Rater Severity/Leniency in Appraisals without Postevaluation Communication Between Raters and Ratees
Dewberry, C., Davies‐Muir, A., & Newell, S. J. (2013) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.12038 · Cited by 18
Clinical Governance, Performance Appraisal and Interactional and Procedural Fairness at a New Zealand Public Hospital
Clarke, C., Harcourt, M., & Flynn, M. (2012) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1550-9 · Cited by 18
Image Theory and the Appraisal of Employee Performance: To Screen or Not to Screen?
Pesta, B. J., Kass, D., & Dunegan, K. J. (2005) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-004-2232-0 · Cited by 18
Rater Personality and Performance Dimension Weighting in Making Overall Performance Judgments
Ogunfowora, B., Bourdage, J., & Lee, K. (2010) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-009-9144-y · Cited by 16
The Role of Core Self-Evaluations in Predicting Performance Appraisal Reactions
Kamer, B., & Annen, H. (2010) · Swiss Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1024/1421-0185/a000011 · Cited by 16
Identification of management development needs: a comparison across companies of different ownership – foreign, joint venture and local in Sri Lanka
Wickramasinghe, V. (2005) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585190500220796 · Cited by 12
Two for the Price of One: Assessment Center Training to Focus on Behaviors Can Transfer to Performance Appraisals
Macan, T. M., Mehner, K., Havill, L., Meriac, J. P., Roberts, L. L., & Heft, L. L. (2011) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2011.614664 · Cited by 11
Determinants of the Anonymity of the CEO Evaluation Process
Silva, P. A., & Tosi, H. L. (2004) · Journal of managerial issues · Cited by 10
The Role of Due Process in Performance Appraisal: A 20-Year Retrospective
Cropanzano, R., Ambrose, M. L., Levy, P. E., Cavanaugh, C. M., Frantz, N. B., & Borden, L. A. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199981410.013.29 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
On the relationship between work contexts, mandates and compliance behaviours of supervisors
Anderson, J. R., & Johnson, N. B. (2005) · Journal of Change Management · doi:10.1080/14697010500401508 · Cited by 8
An individual differences approach to the halo-accuracy paradox
Jackson, C. J. (1996) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(96)00144-4 · Cited by 6
Driving Business Value from Performance Management at Caterpillar
Goh, F. A., & Anderson, M. C. (2007) · Organization development journal · Cited by 6
Investigation of 360-degree instrumentation effects: application of the Rasch rating scale model.
Kulas, J., & Hannum, K. M. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 5
Performance Contract Management in Regional Local Government - Victoria
Pullin, L., & Haidar, A. (2003) · Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.1177/1038411103041003003 · Cited by 4
DUE PROCESS MODEL OF PROCEDURAL JUSTICE IN PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL: PROMOTION VERSUS TERMINATION SCENARIOS
Kataoka, H. C., Cole, N. D., & Flint, D. H. (2006) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.99.3.819-832 · Cited by 3
A comparison of written feedback and written plus verbal feedback methods in performance management
Erdemli, C., Somer, H., & Bilgiç, R. (2007) · OpenMETU (Middle East Technical University) · Cited by 3
Performans Yönetiminde Yazılı Geribildirim ve Yazılı Artı Sözlü Geribildirim Yöntemlerinin Karşılaştırması
Erdemli, C., Sümer, H. C., & Bilgiç, R. (2007) · Türk Psikoloji Dergisi · Cited by 2
Calling All Performance Management Researchers: You Need to Hear This!
Schleicher, D. J., Levy, P. E., Baumann, H. M., Hartwell, C. J., Church, A. H., Daniel, R. A., Erker, S. C., Horgen, K. E., Norris‐Watts, C., Redmond, M. R., et al. (2012) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e518332013-629 · Cited by 1
Self-citation

Research works printed but not linked: 17

Cabrera D. D., 2014, Papeles del Psicólogo, 35, 115
Cavanaugh C., 2013, Panel discussion at the annual conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology
Colquitt A. L., 2017, Next generation performance management: The triumph of science over myth and superstition
10.5465/19416520.2014.873178 · DOI
Eichinger R. W., 2004, 100 things you need to know: Best people practices for managers & HR
Erdemli C., 2007, Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 22, 71
Goh F. A., 2007, Organization Development Journal, 25, P219
Inderrieden E. J., 2004, Journal of Managerial Issues, 16, 460
Kacmar K. M., 2009, Journal of Managerial Issues, 21, 498
Kulas J. T., 2006, Journal of Applied Measurement, 8, 404
Lawler E. E., 2003, World at Work Journal, 12, 49
Nadler D. A., 1984, Organizational psychology: Reading on human behavior in organizations, 587
Nayyab H. H., 2011, Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3, 661
Nishii L. H., 2008, The people make the place, 225
Shahnawaz M. G., 2006, Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 32, 171
Silva P., 2004, Journal of Managerial Issues, 16, 87
Williams M. J., 1997, Harvard Management Update, 2, 1

Sorted by citations

Advancing Theory with Review Articles
Post, C. A., Sarala, R. M., Gatrell, C. J., & Prescott, J. E. (2019) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.12549 · Cited by 650
Talent management challenges during COVID-19 and beyond: Performance management to the rescue
Aguinis, H., & Burgi-Tian, J. (2021) · BRQ Business Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/23409444211009528 · Cited by 142
The ISO/IEC 27001 information security management standard: literature review and theory-based research agenda
Culot, G., Nassimbeni, G., Podrecca, M., & Sartor, M. (2021) · The TQM Journal · doi:10.1108/tqm-09-2020-0202 · Cited by 140
Training and organisational performance: A meta‐analysis of temporal, institutional and organisational context moderators
Garavan, T. N., McCarthy, A. M., Lai, Y., Murphy, K. R., Sheehan, M., & Carbery, R. (2020) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12284 · Cited by 212
Performance management and teacher performance: the role of affective organizational commitment and exhaustion
Waeyenberg, T. V., Peccei, R., & Decramer, A. (2020) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2020.1754881 · Cited by 207

See all 173

Authors: Schleicher, D. J., Baumann, H. M., Sullivan, D. W., Levy, P. E., Hargrove, D. C., & Barros-Rivera, B. A.
Affiliations: Texas A&M University (US)
Bradley University (US)
University of Akron (US)
Central Michigan University (US)
Corresponding author: Schleicher, Deidra J.
ORCID: Schleicher, Deidra J.
Baumann, Heidi M.
Sullivan, David W.
Levy, Paul E.
Hargrove, Darel C.
Venue: Journal of Management
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2018-02-08
Volume: 44
Issue: 6
Pages: 2209-2245
ISSN: 0149-2063 (ISSN-L)
1557-1211
DOI: 10.1177/0149206318755303
OpenAlex: W2787319381
Cited by: 173
References: 174
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 2
FWCI: 19.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Management (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Accounting › Accounting and Organizational Management
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Human Resource and Talent Management
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Management Theory and Practice
Keywords: performance management systems, systems approach, conceptual model, future research directions

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Putting the System Into Performance Management Systems: A Review and Agenda for Performance Management Research

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks