Cited by 914Psychedelics and Drug StudiesSmoking Behavior and CessationSubstance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes

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Pilot study of the 5-HT 2A R agonist psilocybin in the treatment of tobacco addiction

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Johnson, Matthew W, Garcia-Romeu, Albert, Cosimano, Mary P, Griffiths, Roland R·2014·Journal of Psychopharmacology

DOI 10.1177/0269881114548296PMC PMC4286320

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Abstract

Despite suggestive early findings on the therapeutic use of hallucinogens in the treatment of substance use disorders, rigorous follow-up has not been conducted. To determine the safety and feasibility of psilocybin as an adjunct to tobacco smoking cessation treatment we conducted an open-label pilot study administering moderate (20 mg/70 kg) and high (30 mg/70 kg) doses of psilocybin within a structured 15-week smoking cessation treatment protocol. Participants were 15 psychiatrically healthy nicotine-dependent smokers (10 males; mean age of 51 years), with a mean of six previous lifetime quit attempts, and smoking a mean of 19 cigarettes per day for a mean of 31 years at intake. Biomarkers assessing smoking status, and self-report measures of smoking behavior demonstrated that 12 of 15 participants (80%) showed seven-day point prevalence abstinence at 6-month follow-up. The observed smoking cessation rate substantially exceeds rates commonly reported for other behavioral and/or pharmacological therapies (typically <35%). Although the open-label design does not allow for definitive conclusions regarding the efficacy of psilocybin, these findings suggest psilocybin may be a potentially efficacious adjunct to current smoking cessation treatment models. The present study illustrates a framework for future research on the efficacy and mechanisms of hallucinogen-facilitated treatment of addiction.

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Items 601–700 of 914

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Translation and Initial Psychometric Evaluation of Spanish Versions of Three Psychedelic Acute Effects Measures: Mystical, Challenging, and Insight Experiences
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Baker, K. M., Ulrich, C. M., & Meghani, S. H. (2023) · American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® · doi:10.1177/10499091221147700 · Cited by 4
“Refinement of the PEQ also demonstrates the concern of participant burden because the total questionnaire ranges from 63-145 items.(6,10,36) McCulloch et al, for example, assessed the measures positive effects, noting limited endorsement of persisting negative effects.”
Background
Subregion specific monoaminergic signaling in the female rat striatum during nicotine abstinence
Lucente, E., Cadeddu, D., Edvardsson, C. E., Ericson, M., Jerlhag, E., & Adermark, L. (2024) · Addiction Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.addicn.2024.100184 · Cited by 3
The Acceptability of Psychedelic‐Assisted Therapy Amongst Mental Health Consumers: Utilising the Theory of Planned Behaviour
Louie, E., Towers, E., Morse, A. R., Watt, J., Bryant, Z., Haber, P., & Morley, K. C. (2025) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.70010 · Cited by 4
“I’ve learned that I’m open-minded to this possibility”: A qualitative study to evaluate the acceptability of a psilocybin-aided smoking cessation treatment for people with HIV who smoke
Cioe, P. A., Stang, G. S., Azam, D., & Dugal, S. (2025) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/s13722-025-00563-0 · Cited by 4
“While 21 articles (both qualitative and quantitative research reports) were selected for review, articles examining the effects of psilocybin in treating nicotine dependence and other substance use disorders were most relevant for the purposes of our study [18, 19, 22, 25–41].”
Psychedelics for substance use disorders: are women being addressed? A scoping review
Nigri, A. W., de Arruda, I. F., Maia, C. G. F., Tófoli, L. F., & Carezzato, F. (2025) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104960 · Cited by 3
Why psychedelic-assisted therapy studies in eating disorders risk missing the mark on outcomes: a phenomenological psychopathology perspective
Koning, E., McMillan, R. M., Keshen, A. R., Hay, P., Fernandez, A. V., Reynolds, J., & Touyz, S. W. (2025) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-025-01394-9 · Cited by 4
“Commonly used instruments often fail to address domains of experience that are relevant to EDs, such as the impact of PAT on self-identity which has been associated with enduring behavioural changes in substance use disorders [43, 44].”
Reporting of side-effects in clinical trials of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for psychiatric conditions: systematic review
Marinis, J., Clarke, S. T., Guerin, A. A., Guastella, A. J., & Bedi, G. (2025) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2025.10847 · Cited by 5
“7,10 While several reviews have focused primarily on efficacy, 13 – 15 a clear understanding of the potential side-effects of PAP is needed to inform implementation in different populations and contexts, as well as individual treatment decisions.”
The utility of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine for the study of serotonin 2A and 2C receptors
Cameron, L. P., Jaster, A. M., Ramos, R., & Ullman, E. Z. (2025) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.molpha.2025.100093 · Cited by 4
Trip sitting or just sitting? Session facilitators substantially influence psychedelic experiences in clinical trials but not in healthy ones
Goldy, S. P., Sepeda, N. D., Hilbert, S. N., Bari, B. A., Garcia‐Romeu, A., Gukasyan, N., Barrett, F. S., Yaden, D. B., & Nayak, S. M. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117010 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
How to set up a psychedelic study: Unique considerations for research involving human participants
Glennon, M. J., Bird, C., Yadav, P., Kleine, P., Suseelan, S., Boman-Markaki, C., Kotoula, V., Butler, M., Leech, R., Roseman, L., et al. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106657 · Cited by 5
Examining the Rationale for Studying Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Caregiver Distress
Gold, N. D., Podrebarac, S. K., White, L. A., Marini, C., Simon, N. M., Mittelman, M. S., Ross, S., Bogenschutz, M. P., & Petridis, P. D. (2023) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2022.0011 · Cited by 3
“71 Additionally, PAP has been or is currently being investigated for its potential to treat eating disorders (NCT04505189, NCT05481736), 72 obsessive-compulsive disorder (NCT03356483), 73 psychiatric distress in Alzheimer’s disease (NCT04123314) 74 and Parkinson’s disease (NCT04932434), as well as…”
Exploring Public Sentiments of Psychedelics Versus Other Substances: A Reddit-Based Natural Language Processing Study
Biba, B.-J., & O’Shea, B. A. (2025) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2025.2511750 · Cited by 3
Clinical Utility of Mystical Experiences: An Overview and Conceptual Framework
Alldredge, C. T., Vagner, M., Corlett, C. E., & Elkins, G. R. (2025) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207144.2025.2526351 · Cited by 4
“…psychedelic research describe their experience as “life changing” and often rate it as one of the most meaningful experiences of their lives, at the level of the importance of the birth of a first-born child or the death of a parent (Griffiths et al., 2016; Johnson et al., 2014; Ross et al., 2016).”
Pharmacological characterisation of psilocybin and 5-MeO-DMT discriminative cues in the rat and their translational value for identifying novel psychedelics
Higgins, G. A., MacMillan, C., de Lannoy, I., Tyler, C., & Slassi, M. (2025) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251361453 · Cited by 3
“…disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder has generated significant interest (Andersen et al., 2021; Carhart-Harris et al., 2016; Davis et al., 2021; Goodwin et al., 2022; Griffiths et al., 2016; Higgins and Sellers, 2021; Johnson et al., 2014, 2017; Ross et al., 2016; Rucker et al., 2018).”
Describing the Unspeakable: Psychedelic Communication Technologies and the Development of a Posthuman Language
Dueck, B. (2020) · Journal of Posthuman Studies · doi:10.5325/jpoststud.4.2.0166 · Cited by 3
Educational Materials and Image Induction Increase Treatment Credibility
Low, F., & Earleywine, M. (2023) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2022.2154722 · Cited by 3
“The PAT description also drew on published data (Davis et al. 2021; Johnson et al. 2014; Reiff et al. 2020; Schenberg 2018), and emphasized the neurological action of psilocybin on the serotonergic system as well as the effects of mystical experiences, the rapid onset of symptom relief, and the…”
Method
Die Rolle der Psychotherapie in klinischen Studien mit Psychedelika
Evens, R., & Wolff, M. (2024) · Die Psychotherapie · doi:10.1007/s00278-024-00715-8 · Cited by 3
“…sehr breit und beinhaltet depressive Störungen, Substanzkonsum-störungen, Angst und Depression im Zusammenhang mit lebensbedrohlichen Krebserkrankungen, Zwangsstörungen und Anorexie nervosa (Moreno et al. 2006; Johnson et al. 2014; Griﬃths et al. 2016; Spriggs et al. 2021; Bogenschutz et al. 2022).”
Licit use of illicit drugs for treating depression: the pill and the process
Pacheco, A. T., & Moghaddam, B. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci180217 · Cited by 3
“With the caveat that this was a pilot study with a small number of participants and an open-label design, abstinence at 6 months and 12 months was maintained in 60% of participants, a percentage that is much higher than that achieved with current treatments (44, 45).”
BackgroundResult
Psychedelic trip sitting, dosages and intensities: Supplementing clinical studies with anecdotal reports
Engel, L. B., Thal, S. B., Bright, S. J., & Low, M. (2024) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2024.00377 · Cited by 3
Down the Rabbit Hole: A Large-Scale Survey of Psychedelic Users’ Patterns of Use and Perceived Effects
Cuttler, C., Stueber, A., Simone, J. J., & Mayo, L. M. (2025) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2025.2452226 · Cited by 3
Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for Parkinson's disease without depression: A case-report
Fleury, V., Tomkova, E., Chiuvé, S. C., & Penzenstadler, L. E. (2025) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1177/1877718x241312604 · Cited by 4
Tripping into Treatment: Comparing Initial and Current Motivations for Psychedelic Use
Kruger, D. J., Albrecht, J., Aday, J. S., Barron, J., Herberholz, M., & Boehnke, K. F. (2025) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2025.2461999 · Cited by 3
“In recent years, clinical trials combining psychedelics with therapy have demonstrated promise for a wide variety of psychiatric conditions (Bogenschutz et al. 2022; Carhart-Harris et al. 2021; Johnson et al. 2014; Mitchell et al. 2021).”
A Profile of Those Who Use Hallucinogenic Mushrooms
Spring, M. G., Ostrow, R. D., & Hallock, R. M. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800212-4.00074-1 · Cited by 4
Conformational Landscape and Hydrogen Bonding Pattern of Psilocin: Computational Insights
Bhadoria, P., & Ramanathan, V. (2023) · ChemistrySelect · doi:10.1002/slct.202203994 · Cited by 3
Classic Psychedelics and Rational Suicide in the Elderly: Exploring the Potential Utility of a Reemerging Treatment Paradigm
Hendricks, P. S., & Grob, C. S. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32672-6_14 · Cited by 3
Baseline power of theta oscillations predicts mystical-type experiences induced by DMTPreprint
Tagliazucchi, E., Zamberlán, F., Cavanna, F., de la Fuente, L., Romero, C., Perl, Y. S., & Pallavicini, C. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.11.434994 · Cited by 3
Classic psychedelics: past uses, present trends, future possibilitiesPreprint
Safron, A., & Johnson, M. W. (2022) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/eys2j · Cited by 3
Self-citation
The Research Deficit and Expert Disagreement Regarding Music Selection for Psychedelic Assisted Therapy
Moskovitz, M. (2025) · ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science · doi:10.1021/acsptsci.5c00583 · Cited by 3
Psychedelics and schizophrenia: A mystery in history
Haden, M., Woods, B., & Paschall, S. A. (2023) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2023.00277 · Cited by 6
Psychedelics and cognitive function: A systematic review
Cardoso, C. G., & Viana, M. D. B. (2023) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v12i14.44436 · Cited by 2
The Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelics on Reducing Rumination: A Mini-Review
Ramarushton, B., Blumenthal, H., Ryals, A. J., Boals, A., & Thompson, L. (2024) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2024.0009 · Cited by 3
Does the Perception of Risk Associated with Psychedelics Use Differ in Physicians According to Their Belief of Effectiveness?
Bezo, A., Roméo, B., Strat, Y. L., Strika-Bruneau, L., Benyamina, A., & Hermand, M. (2024) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2024.2424263 · Cited by 2
“…effects in resistant depression (Carhart-Harris et al. 2016, 2021; Palhano-Fontes et al. 2019; Romeo et al. 2020), anxiety disorders in patients with life-threatening cancer (Griffiths et al. 2016; Ross et al. 2016), and substance use disorders (SUD) (Bogenschutz et al. 2022; Johnson et al. 2014).”
The Medial Prefrontal Cortex Modulates Psychedelic-like Effects of Psilocin
Zhang, M., Zhai, H., Yang, L., Li, H., & Wang, X. (2025) · ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science · doi:10.1021/acsptsci.5c00324 · Cited by 4
Becoming a Psychedelic User: Reflections on Howard Becker and the (Future) Sociology of Psychedelics
Rose, J. R. (2025) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.70096 · Cited by 2
Fearful symmetry in altered states: a bi-logic account of psychedelic action
Goldreich, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1632923 · Cited by 2
Psychedelic therapy: bridging neuroplasticity, phenomenology, and clinical outcomes
Kishon, R., & Cycowicz, Y. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1637162 · Cited by 3
“Improving mental health and addressing the challenges of inadequate treatment for severe mood disorders have prompted clinicians and researchers to re-examine the potential of psychedelic drugs for treating various disorders including depression, anxiety, PTSD, and substance use (1 – 3).”
Intersections of Psychedelics, Mystical Experiences, and Hypnosis
Elkins, G. R. (2025) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207144.2025.2554387 · Cited by 2
“Psychedelic-assisted therapy has shown promise in treatment of a range of problems such as symptoms of depression (R. L. Carhart-Harris & Goodwin, 2017; Polito & Stevenson, 2019), PTSD (Hood, et al., 2024), smoking cessation (Johnson et al., 2014), and pain (Hutten et al., 2019).”
Reactivations Associated with the Use of 5-MeO-DMT Among Spanish-Speaking Individuals: Prevalence, Predictors, and Emotional Valence
Bernal, A. M. O., Raison, C. L., Lancelotta, R., Timmermann, C., Sepeda, N. D., & Davis, A. K. (2025) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2025.2577305 · Cited by 1
Associations between psychedelic use and adverse outcomes in substance use disorders: a real-world EHR-based cohort study
Qeadan, F., McCunn, A., Tingey, B., & Thielking, P. D. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1648104 · Cited by 2
How three different theories of depression converge at inflammation
Baumberger, B., Batey, L., & Hashemi, P. (2025) · Discover Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s44192-025-00312-4 · Cited by 2
The effects of psilocybin on psychological distress in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Moshfeghinia, R., Mostafavi, S., Jazi, K., Ghasemi, A. R., Khosravani-Nezhad, Y., Narayanan, S., Ahmadi, J., & Pasalar, M. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03935-y · Cited by 2
“Human clinical studies have demonstrated therapeutic benefits of psilocybin in conditions such as major depressive disorder (MDD) [8], smoking cessation [9, 10], alcohol use disorder [11], as well as anxiety and depression [12, 13].”
Mapping cognitive-behavioral approach in psychedelic-assisted treatment: a systematic review across phases with classic and non-classic psychedelics
Varela, Y. M., Tavares, V. D. D. O., Delgado, L. M., de Faria, H. A. T., Menezes, L. Q., Almeida, R. M., Agrícola, P. M. D., de Carvalho, B. S., Bienemann, B., Falchi-Carvalho, M., et al. (2026) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-025-02188-5 · Cited by 2
“Other study with ketamine delivered psychotherapy one day before each substance administration followed by 10 exposure sessions delivered over two weeks [47], another of doses taken by each volunteer [38].”
Influential
A Single Dose of a Psychedelic Drug Repairs Prefrontal Cortex Synaptic Physiology in a Mouse Model of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
Ekins, T. G., Deng, T., & Ahmed, O. J. (2026) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.71406 · Cited by 2
“Psychedelic medicine has shown great promise for treating neuropsychiatric disorders (Johnson et al. 2014 , 2017 ; Bogenschutz et al. 2015 ; R. L. Carhart-Harris et al. 2016 , 2017 , 2018 ; R. Carhart-Harris et al. 2021 ; Sanches et al. 2016 ; Daws et al. 2022 ; Goodwin et al. 2022 ; Zaretsky et…”
Psychedelic Therapy and the Role of Music: A Scoping Review of Quantitative Evidence on Subjective and Objective Outcomes
Rowe, T., Hurzeler, T. P., Towers, E., Louie, E., & Morley, K. C. (2026) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.71533 · Cited by 3
“…efficacy data exist for a range of psychiatric disorders including depression (Carhart-Harris et al. 2021 ), end of life anxiety (Griffiths et al. 2016 ), post-traumatic stress disorder (Mitchell et al. 2023 ), and substance use disorders (Bogenschutz et al. 2022 ; M. W. Johnson et al. 2014 ).”
Suicide among South Asian Americans: A Systematic Review of Causal and Risk Factors
Srinivasa, S. R., Pasupuleti, S., & Dornamraju, R. (2022) · Journal of Mental Health and Social Behaviour · doi:10.33790/jmhsb1100158 · Cited by 2
The History, Legalization and Potentials of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy
Heilman, J. (2023) · Journal of Scientific Exploration · doi:10.31275/20222633 · Cited by 7

Authors: Johnson, M. W., Garcia-Romeu, A., Cosimano, M. P., & Griffiths, R. R.
Affiliations: Johns Hopkins University (US)
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
ORCID: Johnson, Matthew W
Griffiths, Roland R
Venue: Journal of Psychopharmacology
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2014-09-11
Volume: 28
Issue: 11
Pages: 983-992
ISSN: 0269-8811 (ISSN-L)
1461-7285
DOI: 10.1177/0269881114548296
PMC: PMC4286320
OpenAlex: W2122459973
Cited by: 914
References: 63
Citations by year: 2026: 71 · 2025: 130 · 2024: 126 · 2023: 112 · 2022: 121 · 2021: 94 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 3
FWCI: 41.88
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: World Health Organization
National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA003889, T32DA007209)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Keywords: psilocybin, tobacco dependence, smoking cessation, nicotine dependence, hallucinogens, 5-HT2A receptor agonists, adjunctive therapy, abstinence, treatment safety and feasibility
MeSH terms: Attitude, Carbon Monoxide, Combined Modality Therapy, Cotinine, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Psilocybin, Tobacco Use Disorder, Biomarkers, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Smoking Cessation, Behavior, Addictive, Treatment Outcome, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Nicotinic Agonists

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Pilot study of the 5-HT 2A R agonist psilocybin in the treatment of tobacco addiction

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