The DOI matches its Crossref record; 62 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Long-term musical group interaction has a positive influence on empathy in children
Open accessAbstract
Musical group interaction (MGI) is a complex social setting requiring certain cognitive skills that may also elicit shared psychological states. We argue that many MGI-specific features may also be important for emotional empathy, the ability to experience another person’s emotional state. We thus hypothesized that long-term repeated participation in MGI could help enhance a capacity for emotional empathy even outside of the musical context, through a familiarization with and refinement of MGI empathy-promoting musical components (EPMCs). We tested this hypothesis by designing an MGI programme for primary school children consisting of interactive musical games implementing various EPMCs. We ran the programme for an entire school year and compared the emotional empathy of MGI children to control children using existing and novel measures of empathy before and after the programme. Our results support our hypothesis: MGI children showed higher emotional empathy scores after the study compared to its beginning, and higher scores than control children at the end of the study. These findings shed new light on the emotional processes involved in musical interaction and highlight the remarkable potential of MGI for promoting positive social-emotional capacities such as empathy.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Music is also thought to promote prosocial skills through engagement in synchronous, music-related behaviors (e.g., moving rhythmically, singing with others) [120-122].”
From Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond. (2018) · cites this paper as [120]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Along these lines, several longitudinal studies have found benefits in such types of domains: emotional development and empathy (Rabinowitch et al., 2013), prosocial skills (Schellenberg et al., 2015), self-esteem (Costa-Giomi, 2004;Rickard et al., 2013), academic self-esteem (Degé et al., 2014;Degé & Schwarzer, 2018), and mood and quality of life (Seinfeld et al., 2013).”
From Please don't stop the music: A meta-analysis of the cognitive and academic benefits of instrumental musical training in childhood and adolescence (2022) · cites this paper as Rabinowitch et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Rabinowitch, Cross, and Burnard (2013) find that children in musical group interactions show greater emotional empathy than the control group.”
From The relationship between musical development and social inclusion in small-group instrumental teaching (2026) · cites this paper as Rabinowitch, Cross, and Burnard (2013)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Understanding and sharing intentions: The origins of cultural cognition
Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., Call, J., Behne, T., & Moll, H. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x05000129 · Cited by 4,882
The NimStim set of facial expressions: Judgments from untrained research participants.
Tottenham, N., Tanaka, J. W., Leon, A. C., McCarry, T., Nurse, M., Hare, T. A., Marcus, D. J., Westerlund, A., Casey, B., & Nelson, C. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.05.006 · Cited by 3,454
The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors
Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. A. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.1.91 · Cited by 2,672
A measure of emotional empathy1
Mehrabian, A., & Epstein, N. (1972) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1972.tb00078.x · Cited by 2,360
Social Cognitive Neuroscience: A Review of Core Processes
Lieberman, M. D. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085654 · Cited by 2,010
The social neuroscience of empathy
Singer, T., & Lamm, C. (2009) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04418.x · Cited by 1,981
Koch, S., & Albert, E. (1962) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-196210000-00015 · Cited by 1,936
Wiltermuth, S. S., & Heath, C. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02253.x · Cited by 1,717
Infant Intersubjectivity: Research, Theory, and Clinical Applications
Trevarthen, C., & Aitken, K. J. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00701 · Cited by 1,694
The effectiveness of psychotherapy: The Consumer Reports study.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1995) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.50.12.965 · Cited by 1,626
Development and validation of the Basic Empathy Scale
Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2005) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.08.010 · Cited by 1,625
Kant, I. (1994) · State University of New York Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/jj.18254729.16 · Cited by 1,612
The effectiveness of psychotherapy: the Consumer Reports study
Seligman, M. E. P. (1995) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.50.12.965 · Cited by 1,608
Manual for the Wechsler intelligence scale for children
Wechsler, D. (1974) · Psychological Corp. eBooks · Cited by 1,303
Effectiveness of psychotherapy
Puri, B. K., Ho, R., & Treasden, I. (2011) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b13482-76 · Cited by 1,058
From the perception of action to the understanding of intention
Blakemore, S., & Decety, J. (2001) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35086023 · Cited by 1,036
Schellenberg, E. G. (2004) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00711.x · Cited by 980
An Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents
Bryant, B. K. (1982) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1128984 · Cited by 927
CATTELL, J. M. (1923) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/000271622311000117 · Cited by 911
Joint music making promotes prosocial behavior in 4-year-old children
Kirschner, S., & Tomasello, M. (2010) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.04.004 · Cited by 896
Ho, Y.-C., Cheung, M., & Chan, A. S.-Y. (2003) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.17.3.439 · Cited by 671
In time with the music: the concept of entrainment and its significance for ethnomusicology
Clayton, M. R. L., Sager, R. D., & Will, U. (2005) · Durham Research Online (Durham University) · Cited by 591
Harmer, C. J., Shelley, N. C., Cowen, P. J., & Goodwin, G. M. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.7.1256 · Cited by 554
Is Music an Evolutionary Adaptation?
HURON, D. (2001) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05724.x · Cited by 496
Gold, C., Solli, H. P., Krüger, V., & Lie, S. A. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.01.001 · Cited by 452
Empathy, Emotional Expressiveness, and Prosocial Behavior
Roberts, W. L., & Strayer, J. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01745.x · Cited by 441
Scruton, R. (1981) · Royal Musical Association Research Chronicle · doi:10.1080/14723808.1981.10540901 · Cited by 399
Empathy in Six- and Seven-Year-Olds
Feshbach, N. D., & Roe, K. V. (1968) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1127365 · Cited by 386
How we predict what other people are going to do
Frith, C., & Frith, U. (2006) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.126 · Cited by 362
Improvisation: Methods and Techniques for Music Therapy Clinicians, Educators, and Students
Wigram, T. (2004) · Cited by 330
The Oxford handbook of music education
(2013) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.50-4908 · Cited by 284
Empathy, Emotional Expressiveness, and Prosocial Behavior
Roberts, W. L., & Strayer, J. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131826 · Cited by 258
The relationship between empathy and aggression in two age groups.
Feshbach, N. D., & Feshbach, S. (1969) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0027016 · Cited by 228
Enhanced learning of proportional math through music training and spatial-temporal training
Graziano, A. B., Peterson, M., & Shaw, G. L. (1999) · Neurological Research · doi:10.1080/01616412.1999.11740910 · Cited by 224
A case of hand waving: Action synchrony and person perception
Macrae, C. N., Duffy, O. K., Miles, L. K., & Lawrence, J. (2008) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2008.07.007 · Cited by 211
McPherson, G. E., & Davidson, J. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198530329.001.0001 · Cited by 186
Strayer, J., & Roberts, W. L. (2004) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2004.000265.x · Cited by 176
The evolutionary nature of musical meaning
Cross, I. R. M. (2009) · Musicae Scientiae · doi:10.1177/1029864909013002091 · Cited by 168
Self-citationEisenberg, N. (1989) · Cited by 160
Music and meaning, ambiguity and evolution
Cross, I. R. M. (2005) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529361.003.0002 · Cited by 157
Self-citationMusic and Nonmusical Abilities
Schellenberg, E. G. (2001) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05744.x · Cited by 149
McPherson, G. E., Davidson, J. W., & Evans, P. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198530329.003.0017 · Cited by 136
Empathy in boys with disruptive behavior disorders
de Wied, M. A., Goudena, P. P., & Matthys, W. (2005) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00389.x · Cited by 134
Children's Concordant Emotions and Cognitions in Response to Observed Emotions
Strayer, J. (1993) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1993.tb02903.x · Cited by 133
Burnard, P. (2002) · British Journal of Music Education · doi:10.1017/s0265051702000244 · Cited by 119
Self-citationSelective scenarios for the emergence of natural language
Számadó, S., & Szathmáry, E. (2006) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2006.06.021 · Cited by 114
The development of empathic accuracy.
Eisenberg, N., Murphy, B. C., & Shepard, S. A. (1997) · Cited by 91
Children's Concordant Emotions and Cognitions in Response to Observed Emotions
Strayer, J. (1993) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131445 · Cited by 90
Observations on the Correspondence between Poetry and Music
(1998) · doi:10.5040/9781350276307.0016 · Cited by 67
Facial and Verbal Measures of Children’s Emotions and Empathy
Strayer, J., & Roberts, W. L. (1997) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1080/016502597385090 · Cited by 63
Self-Esteem and Empathy among Children Actively Involved in Music
HIETOLAHTI-ANSTEN, M., & Kalliopuska, M. (1990) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1990.71.3f.1364 · Cited by 54
Influence of Two Developmental Programmes on the Empathy and Prosociability of Preschool Children
Kalliopuska, M., & Tiitinen, U. (1991) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1991.72.1.323 · Cited by 49
A Study with a Follow-up of the Effects of Music Education on Holistic Development of Empathy
Kalliopuska, M., & Ruókonen, I. (1993) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1993.76.1.131 · Cited by 49
Kinestbetic Empathy in Creative and Cultural Practices
Reynolds, D., & Reason, M. (2012) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 45
The influence of anxiety on the initial selection of emotional faces presented in binocular rivalry
Gray, K. L. H., Adams, W. J., & Garner, M. J. (2009) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.06.009 · Cited by 41
Effects of Music Education on Development of Holistic Empathy
Kalliopuska, M., & Ruókonen, I. (1986) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1986.62.1.187 · Cited by 37
The Perception of Emotion in Music
Schubert, E., & McPherson, G. E. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198530329.003.0010 · Cited by 35
Role-taking ability and altruistic behavior in elementary school children
Krebs, D. L., & Sturrup, B. (1974) · Proceedings of the Division of Personality and Society Psychology · doi:10.1177/0146167274001001137 · Cited by 31
Role‐Taking Ability and Altruistic Behaviour in Elementary School Children
Krebs, D. L., & Sturrup, B. (1982) · Journal of Moral Education · doi:10.1080/0305724820110204 · Cited by 21
Emotional factors in prosocial behavior
Eisenberg, N., & Mussen, P. H. (1989) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511571121.010 · Cited by 11
The Arts in Mind Pioneering Texts of a Coterie of British Men of Letters
Katz, R., & Hacohen (2003) · Cited by 5
Value priorities and subjective well-being: Direct relations and congruity effects
Sagiv, L., & Schwartz, S. H. (2000) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(200003/04)30:2
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Clayton M., 2004, ESEM CounterPoint, 1, 1
- Cross I., 2009, Musicae Scientiae, 143
- Eisenberg N., 2000, Handbook of emotions, 677
- Eisenberg N., 1997, Empathic accuracy, 73
- Langer S. K. K, 1953, Feeling and form; A theory of art
- Ofsted, 2006, Primary schools inspection reports
- Rogers C., 1959, Psychology: A study of a science, 184
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Music as a coevolved system for social bonding
Savage, P. E., Loui, P., Tarr, B., Schachner, A., Glowacki, L., Mithen, S., & Fitch, W. T. (2020) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x20000333 · Cited by 645
Keller, P. E., Novembre, G., & Hove, M. J. (2014) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0394 · Cited by 466
Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond.
Mindell, J. A., & Williamson, A. A. (2018) · Sleep medicine reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2017.10.007 · Cited by 360
Music, empathy and cultural understanding
Clarke, E., DeNora, T., & Vuoskoski, J. K. (2015) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2015.09.001 · Cited by 359
The neural pathways, development and functions of empathy
Decety, J. (2014) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2014.12.001 · Cited by 323
Metadata
- Authors
- Rabinowitch, T.-C., Cross, I., & Burnard, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Venue
- Psychology of Music
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2012-04-13
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 484-498
- ISSN
- 0305-7356 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-3087
- OpenAlex
- W2124514031
- Cited by
- 387
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 289.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Psychology of Music (publishedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo
- Funders
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Music › Diverse Music Education Insights
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Keywords
- affective empathy, children, social-emotional development, music education, elementary school students, long-term intervention
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
