The social neuroscience of empathy
Open accessAbstract
The phenomenon of empathy entails the ability to share the affective experiences of others. In recent years social neuroscience made considerable progress in revealing the mechanisms that enable a person to feel what another is feeling. The present review provides an in‐depth and critical discussion of these findings. Consistent evidence shows that sharing the emotions of others is associated with activation in neural structures that are also active during the first‐hand experience of that emotion. Part of the neural activation shared between self‐ and other‐related experiences seems to be rather automatically activated. However, recent studies also show that empathy is a highly flexible phenomenon, and that vicarious responses are malleable with respect to a number of factors—such as contextual appraisal, the interpersonal relationship between empathizer and other, or the perspective adopted during observation of the other. Future investigations are needed to provide more detailed insights into these factors and their neural underpinnings. Questions such as whether individual differences in empathy can be explained by stable personality traits, whether we can train ourselves to be more empathic, and how empathy relates to prosocial behavior are of utmost relevance for both science and society.
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Empathy results from neural network activations that resemble those observed when the same emotion is experienced first-hand (shared network hypothesis).
“This socio-affective process results from neural network activations that resemble those activations observed when the same emotion is experienced first-hand (shared network hypothesis) [2][3][4][5].”
From On the interaction of social affect and cognition: empathy, compassion and theory of mind (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
ToM and empathy differ in representational content (mental states versus affect), yet both might be similarly brought about by interaction between top-down and bottom-up processes.
“ToM and empathy differ in the representational content (mental states versus affect), yet both might be similarly brought about by interaction between top-down and bottom-up processes”
From Parsing the neural correlates of moral cognition: ALE meta-analysis on morality, theory of mind, and empathy (2012) · cites this paper as Singer and Lamm 2009
More automatic, bottom-up driven mapping and awareness of others' emotional states in empathy might be modulated by more controlled, top-down processes involved in attributing mind states (ToM).
“more automatic, bottom-up driven mapping and awareness of others emotional states in the context of self–other distinction (i.e., empathy) might be modulated by more controlled, top-down processes involved in attributing mind states (i.e., ToM)”
From Parsing the neural correlates of moral cognition: ALE meta-analysis on morality, theory of mind, and empathy (2012) · cites this paper as Singer and Lamm 2009
Interoception-related meta-representation of emotion has been suggested to underlie the concomitant involvement of the aMCC/SMA and AI/IFG in neuroimaging studies on empathy as reflecting affective sharing.
“Interoception-related meta-representation of emotion has thus been suggested to underlie the concomitant involvement of the aMCC/SMA and AI/IFG in neuroimaging studies on empathy as reflecting affective sharing (Singer and Lamm 2009; Fan et al. 2011).”
From Parsing the neural correlates of moral cognition: ALE meta-analysis on morality, theory of mind, and empathy (2012) · cites this paper as Singer and Lamm 2009
Studies using static pictures of emotional facial expressions were disregarded because such tasks are probably too simple to reliably entail sharing others' emotions and maintaining a self-other distinction.
“we disregarded studies in which participants were presented with emotion recognition tasks using static pictures of emotional facial expressions. That is because such tasks are probably too simple to reliably entail sharing others’ emotions and maintaining a self–other distinction”
From Parsing the neural correlates of moral cognition: ALE meta-analysis on morality, theory of mind, and empathy (2012) · cites this paper as Singer and Lamm 2009
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Bird, G., Silani, G., Brindley, R., White, S., Frith, U., & Singer, T. (2010) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awq060 · Cited by 655 · see citing works
Self-citationSynchronized arousal between performers and related spectators in a fire-walking ritual
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Functional Neural Plasticity and Associated Changes in Positive Affect After Compassion Training
Klimecki, O. M., Leiberg, S., Lamm, C., & Singer, T. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs142 · Cited by 634 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of testosterone in social interaction
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Nonsocial and social cognition in schizophrenia: current evidence and future directions
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The role of anterior insular cortex in social emotions
Lamm, C., & Singer, T. (2010) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-010-0251-3 · Cited by 566 · see citing works
Self-citationDiscrepancies between dimensions of interoception in autism: implications for emotion and anxiety
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Serotonin selectively influences moral judgment and behavior through effects on harm aversion
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Dissecting the neural mechanisms mediating empathy
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Right supramarginal gyrus is crucial to overcome emotional egocentricity bias in social judgments
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Self-citationElliott, R., Bohart, A. C., Watson, J. C., & Greenberg, L. S. (2011) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0022187 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Therapist empathy and client outcome: An updated meta-analysis.
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A biopsychosocial formulation of pain communication.
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Social re-orientation and brain development: An expanded and updated view
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Short-term compassion training increases prosocial behavior in a newly developed prosocial game
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Self-citationConnecting minds and sharing emotions through mimicry: A neurocognitive model of emotional contagion
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“, 2016) and share emotions is automatic mimicry (Decety and Lamm, 2006; Schuler et al., 2016; Singer and Lamm, 2009).”
InfluentialAtzil, S., Gao, W., Fradkin, I., & Barrett, L. F. (2018) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0384-6 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Long-term musical group interaction has a positive influence on empathy in children
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“…exhibit typical (Marsh et al., 2013) or even stronger activation in the somatosensory cortex than control participants when they watched scenarios depicting people in pain (Decety et al., 2009, 2013), all of which does not suggest an impairment in somatosensory responses to others’ pain.”
BackgroundThe origins of altruism in offspring care.
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On the interaction of social affect and cognition: empathy, compassion and theory of mind
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Self-citationTusche, A., Böckler, A., Kanske, P., Trautwein, F.-M., & Singer, T. (2016) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3392-15.2016 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Self-citationA Socio‐interpersonal Perspective on PTSD: The Case for Environments and Interpersonal Processes
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Lack of empathy in patients with narcissistic personality disorder
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How do we empathize with someone who is not like us? A functional magnetic resonance imaging study.
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Self-citationMinimal self-models and the free energy principle.
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The role of shared neural activations, mirror neurons, and morality in empathy – A critical comment
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Self-citationEmotional contagion: a brief overview and future directions
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“Broadly, empathy has been described as the ability to share the experience of others and it has been related to the activation of neural structures and physiological responses (Singer and Lamm, 2009).”
BackgroundA Blessing and a Curse: How CEOs’ Trait Empathy Affects Their Management of Organizational Crises
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Self-citationRodent empathy and affective neuroscience
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Self-citationCompassion meditation enhances empathic accuracy and related neural activity
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Strategic regulation of empathy
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The representation of self and person knowledge in the medial prefrontal cortex
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Effect of Psilocybin on Empathy and Moral Decision-Making
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Experience modulates vicarious freezing in rats: a model for empathy
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The role of prediction in social neuroscience
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Neurocognitive Basis of Racial Ingroup Bias in Empathy
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From idealized clinical empathy to empathic communication in medical care
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Your flaws are my pain: linking empathy to vicarious embarrassment
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To what extent is the experience of empathy mediated by shared neural circuits
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Assessment and impact of cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: An overview
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Medical students’ understanding of empathy: a phenomenological study
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Empathy in narcissistic personality disorder: From clinical and empirical perspectives.
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Cognitive and Affective Empathy Relate Differentially to Emotion Regulation
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Movement-based embodied contemplative practices: definitions and paradigms
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Behavioral and mechanistic insight into rodent empathy
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Processing of body odor signals by the human brain
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Interoceptive awareness enhances neural activity during empathy
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Intranasal oxytocin, but not vasopressin, augments neural responses to toddlers in human fathers
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Empathy for positive and negative emotions in social anxiety disorder
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Empathic deficits in schizophrenia: the potential role of rapid facial mimicry
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The influence of group membership on the neural correlates involved in empathy
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Empathy Predicts an Experimental Pain Reduction During Touch
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Empathic Fear Responses in Mice Are Triggered by Recognition of a Shared Experience
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Self-citationOxytocin increases empathy to pain when adopting the other-but not the self-perspective
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Interacting and dissociable effects of alexithymia and depression on empathy
Banzhaf, C., Hoffmann, F., Kanske, P., Fan, Y., Walter, H., Spengler, S., Schreiter, S., Singer, T., & Bermpohl, F. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.045 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationGeng, Y., Zhao, W., Zhou, F., Ma, X., Yao, S., Hurlemann, R., Becker, B., & Kendrick, K. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00512 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Empathy in depression: egocentric and altercentric biases and the role of alexithymia
Hoffmann, F., Banzhaf, C., Kanske, P., Gärtner, M., Bermpohl, F., & Singer, T. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.007 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationModels, Mechanisms and Moderators Dissociating Empathy and Theory of Mind
Kanske, P., Böckler, A., & Singer, T. (2015) · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2015_412 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationThe neural mediators of kindness-based meditation: a theoretical model
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Everyday Mind Reading Is Driven by Motives and Goals
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Empathy for pain‑related dorsolateral prefrontal activity is modulated by angry face perception
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Cortisol synchrony in older couples: daily socioemotional correlates and interpersonal differences
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Identifying with fictive characters: structural brain correlates of the personality trait ‘fantasy’
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Illusory Body Ownership Affects the Cortical Response to Vicarious Somatosensation
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- Authors
- Singer, T., & Lamm, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Singer, Tania
- Lamm, Claus
- Venue
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 1156
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 81-96
- ISSN
- 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-6632
- OpenAlex
- W2147093380
- Semantic Scholar
- 24272666739d920896ddcbd4f237c1071f620ddc
- Cited by
- 1,981
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 107 · 2025: 121 · 2024: 106 · 2023: 136 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 138 · 2020: 174 · 2019: 109 · 2018: 111 · 2017: 109 · 2016: 105 · 2015: 105 · 2014: 132 · 2013: 131 · 2012: 110
- FWCI
- 12.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.zora.uzh.ch
- Licence
- Locations
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Universität Zürich
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- empathy, social neuroscience, neural mechanisms of empathy, affective sharing, interpersonal relationships, perspective taking, personality traits, empathy training, prosocial behavior
- MeSH terms
- Empathy, Humans, Nerve Net, Nervous System Physiological Phenomena, Neurosciences, Social Behavior
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