The NimStim set of facial expressions: Judgments from untrained research participants.
Open accessAbstract
A set of face stimuli called the NimStim Set of Facial Expressions is described. The goal in creating this set was to provide facial expressions that untrained individuals, characteristic of research participants, would recognize. This set is large in number, multiracial, and available to the scientific community online. The results of psychometric evaluations of these stimuli are presented. The results lend empirical support for the validity and reliability of this set of facial expressions as determined by accurate identification of expressions and high intra-participant agreement across two testing sessions, respectively.
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Calm faces are less positive and less arousing than happy faces.
“Though normative data suggest that calm faces are less positive and arousing than happy faces (Tottenham et al., 2009)”
From Frontostriatal maturation predicts cognitive control failure to appetitive cues in adolescents (2011) · cites this paper as Tottenham et al., 2009
The Method (§2.3.3; page unavailable) defines calm as close to neutral and only slightly happy, supporting the description of calm faces as less positive than happy faces. The paper distinguishes high-arousal happy expressions in the Introduction (§1; page unavailable), but does not report a calm-versus-happy arousal comparison. Its normative judgments concern expression labels, not ratings of both qualities. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Tottenham, N., Tanaka, J. W., Leon, A. C., McCarry, T., Nurse, M., Hare, T. A., Marcus, D. J., Westerlund, A., Casey, B., & Nelson, C.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- University of Victoria (CA)
- Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
- Children's National (US)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tottenham, Nim
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-08
- Volume
- 168
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 242-249
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3474329
- OpenAlex
- W2098958400
- Cited by
- 3,454
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 112 · 2025: 159 · 2024: 173 · 2023: 179 · 2022: 257 · 2021: 251 · 2020: 221 · 2019: 251 · 2018: 255 · 2017: 244 · 2016: 247 · 2015: 230 · 2014: 193 · 2013: 201 · 2012: 186
- FWCI
- 73.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH091864, R01MH078829)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Emotion and Mood Recognition
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Face recognition and analysis
- Keywords
- facial expressions, facial expression recognition, face stimuli, psychometric validation, inter-rater reliability
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Emotions, Facial Expression, Humans, Judgment, Neuropsychological Tests, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Psychometrics, Reaction Time, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult
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