Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) 2016 Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder

In the paper

“peer interventions are recommended as a second-line adjunctive treatment for MDD (Level 2 Evidence).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Discussion and Conclusion report that peer support improves depressive symptoms compared with usual care and may be an effective component of depression care. They do not recommend it specifically as a second-line adjunctive treatment or assign it a “Level 2 Evidence” grade. The Results section also says trials studying peer support only as an add-on to depression care management were excluded. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [134] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Disputed

  The Results section, ‘Effect of peer-delivered interventions on depression’ (page unavailable), reports no effect on clinical outcomes or loneliness compared with usual care. The paper does not assign a Level 2 evidence grade or recommend peer interventions as a second-line adjunctive treatment for MDD; its reported depression findings run contrary to that recommendation. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

  cites [135] 135. Fuhr DC, Salisbury TT, De Silva MJ, et al. Effectiveness of peer-delivered interventions for severe mental illness and depression on clinical and psychosocial outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Psychiatry Psy- chiatr Epidemiol. 2014;49:1691-1702. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  The Methods describe testing peer support alongside ongoing depression treatment, so the paper supports its use as an adjunct in the trial. But the Results and Conclusions report no benefit over enhanced usual care; they do not recommend peer interventions as second-line treatment or assign a Level 2 evidence rating. The authors say other peer-support models might be more effective. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites [136] 136. Valenstein M, Pfeiffer PN, Brandfon S, et al. Augmenting ongoing depression care with a mutual peer support interven- tion versus self-help materials alone: a randomized trial. Psy- chiatr Serv. 2016;67:236-239. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Psychological treatments benefit men and women to the same extent; psychological treatments are equally suitable for individuals of all ages, levels of education, and cultural and ethnic backgrounds.9”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Introduction says specific psychotherapies have success comparable to antidepressant medication as first-line treatment for moderate depression, supporting a general claim of benefit. It does not establish equal benefit for men and women or equal suitability across ages, education levels, and cultural or ethnic backgrounds; the sections on treatment selection instead discuss other patient characteristics. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites [9] 9. Simon GE, Perlis RH. Personalized medicine for depression: can we match patients with treatments? Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167:1445-1455. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“importantly, improved adherence to medical interventions as well as improvement in depression.32”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion reports that depression treatments and mental health interventions improved adherence to antiretroviral therapy among people living with HIV/AIDS. It also states that these interventions improved depressive symptoms. The medical treatment assessed was specifically antiretroviral therapy. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites [32] 32. Sin NL, DiMatteo MR. Depression treatment enhances adher- ence to antiretroviral therapy: a meta-analysis. Ann Behav Med. 2014;47:259-269. source

In the paper

“Therapist experience, adherence, and ability to be responsive to individual patient differences are associated with better outcomes.54,55”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Methods (Acute Treatment; page unavailable) say therapist qualifications and adherence were characterized elsewhere, but do not link either to outcomes. The Discussion (page unavailable) raises differences in therapists’ techniques only as an untested explanation for site differences. Searches for therapist experience, adherence, and responsiveness to individual patients found no passage establishing the claimed association. (LLM, conf=0.77)

  cites [54] 54. Fournier JC, DeRubeis RJ, Amsterdam J, et al. Gains in employ- ment status following antidepressant medication or cognitive therapy for depression. Br J Psychiatry. 2015;206:332-338. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] 55. Johnsen TJ, Friborg O. The effects of cognitive behavioral therapy as an anti-depressive treatment is falling: a meta- analysis. Psychol Bull. 2015;141:747-768. source

In the paper

“although even less-trained therapists can have efficacy in treating depression and indeed may be the only source of treatment.56”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Authors’ Conclusions (page unavailable) report that lay health worker–led psychological interventions may improve recovery from depression or anxiety. The Background and ‘How the intervention might work’ sections (pages unavailable) describe a shortage of specialists in low- and middle-income countries and say non-specialist workers may have little or no specialist support or referral options, supporting the qualified point that they may be the only available source of treatment in some settings. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [56] 56. van Ginneken N, Tharyan P, Lewin S, et al. Non-specialist health worker interventions for the care of mental, neurologi- cal and substance-abuse disorders in low-and middle-income countries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;11:CD009149. source

In the paper

“Some meta-analytic comparisons between specific models of psychological treatment have shown no significant differences in efficacy, 57 with others showing modest differences.58”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The citation is attached to the claim that some comparisons found no significant efficacy differences, not to the separate claim about modest differences. The Discussion (p. 10) says this meta-analysis found CBT no more or less effective than other psychotherapies, while noting that some comparisons included few studies. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites [57] 57. Cuijpers P, Berking M, Andersson G, et al. A meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioural therapy for adult depression, alone and in comparison with other treatments. Can J Psychiatry. 2013; 58:376-385. source
• Supported

  The Results report no differences between nine treatment categories except for one comparison. The Discussion likewise says there were no differences between individual treatments with one exception, while noting that wide credible intervals could not rule out clinically relevant differences. Citation 57 supports the no-significant-differences clause; the modest-differences clause is attached to citation 58. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites [58] 58. Linde K, Ru ¨cker G, Sigterman K, et al. Comparative effec- tiveness of psychological treatments for depressive disorders in primary care: network meta-analysis. BMC Fam Pract. 2015;16:103. source

In the paper

“results of the most recent large trial (N ¼ 491 in 3 conditions) are inconsistent with previous results and do not support the efficacy of CBASP.75”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results table lists 96 patients receiving medication alone, 195 receiving medication plus BSP, and 200 receiving medication plus CBASP—491 across three conditions. The Results discussion says adding CBASP did not significantly improve outcomes and that the findings contradicted predictions from previous studies. But the trial tested CBASP only as an addition to medication for chronically depressed patients who had not fully responded to initial medication; it does not establish a general lack of CBASP efficacy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [75] 75. Kocsis JH, Gelenberg AJ, Rothbaum BO, et al. Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy and brief sup- portive psychotherapy for augmentation of antidepressant nonresponse in chronic depression: the REVAMP Trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66:1178-1188. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“However, group therapy was less effective than individual therapy at the end of treatment and had a higher dropout rate, although no differences were found at follow-up.77”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The “Group CBT v. individual CBT therapy” section reports better outcomes for individual CBT immediately after treatment and no evidence of a difference at short- or longer-term follow-up. It does not report a higher dropout rate for group therapy; the “Individual CBT v. group CBT” section instead notes that four of seven studies gave no dropout details. The comparison also concerns CBT specifically, rather than group and individual therapy generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [77] 77. Huntley AL, Araya R, Salisbury C. Group psychological therapies for depression in the community: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;200:184-190. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“using a different definition of bona-fide therapy, supportive therapy was less effective than other types of therapy, with no differences between CBT, IPT, and psychodynamic psychotherapy (PDT).60”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results (Type I Meta-Analyses; page unavailable) report no efficacy difference among CBT, IPT, and psychodynamic therapy, and lower efficacy for some supportive-therapy subtypes on specific post-treatment measures. The Abstract (Results; page unavailable) says there were no significant differences at follow-up, while the Discussion describes the supportive-therapy finding as small and tentative. The claim omits those limits and states the lower efficacy categorically. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  cites [60] 60. Braun SR, Gregor B, Tran US. Comparing bona fide psy- chotherapies of depression in adults with two meta- analytical approaches. PLoS One. 2013;8:e68135. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“With several meta-analyses demonstrating efficacy 67,68 and a large, high-quality RCT (N ¼ 424) 69 demonstrating equal efficacy of MBCT to medication as maintenance treatment for recurrent MDD”

What the sources say

• Supported

  This source is one of the meta-analyses cited for MBCT efficacy, not the separately cited RCT (citation 69). Its Abstract (Results and Conclusion) reports reduced relapse after one year and concludes that MBCT is effective for patients with three or more previous episodes of major depression. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites [67] 67. Galante J, Iribarren SJ, Pearce PF. Effects of mindfulness- based cognitive therapy on mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Res Nurs. 2013;18:133-155. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [68] 68. Piet J, Hougaard E. The effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for prevention of relapse in recurrent major depres- sive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31:1032-1040. source
• Partly supported

  The Results report that the trial recruited 424 patients, and the Discussion describes MBCT with support to taper antidepressants (MBCT-TS) as not superior to maintenance antidepressants over two years. The paper supports MBCT-TS as an alternative, but the trial did not establish equal efficacy; its finding of no superiority does not prove equivalence. The meta-analyses in the citing sentence have separate citations and are not judged here. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  cites [69] 69. Kuyken W, Hayes R, Barrett B, et al. Effectiveness and cost- effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy com- pared with maintenance antidepressant treatment in the pre- vention of depressive relapse or recurrence (PREVENT): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;386:63-73. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“An RCT of 469 primary care patients with depression with poor response to medication found CBT improved response and remission, 63 with sustained effects at 3-year follow-up.89”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. Wiles N, Thomas L, Abel A, et al. Cognitive behavioural therapy as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for primary care based patients with treatment resistant depression: results of the CoBalT randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2013;381: 375-384. source
• Supported

  The Results (p. 5) state that 469 participants were randomized, although long-term follow-up data were available for 59% of them. The Results (p. 6) report higher odds of response and remission with CBT than with usual care over 46 months, and the paper describes the follow-up period as 3–5 years (p. 3). (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites [89] 89. Wiles NJ, Thomas L, Turner N, et al. Long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for treatment-resistant depres- sion in primary care: follow-up of the CoBalT randomised controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3:137-144. source

In the paper

“However, there is only weak evidence, and only after prolonged treatment, for efficacy of long-term PDT for acute treatment of MDD.74,109”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Abstract says evidence for longer-term psychoanalytic treatment was at an early stage and suggests benefits particularly over longer follow-up. The Outcomes section reports no significant difference in partial remission at the end of treatment, with differences emerging during follow-up. However, this trial studied treatment-resistant depression, not acute treatment of MDD generally, so it does not support that broader setting. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [74] 74. Fonagy P, Rost F, Carlyle J, et al. Pragmatic randomized con- trolled trial of long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy for treatment-resistant depression: the Tavistock Adult Depression Study (TADS). World Psychiatry. 2015;14:312-321. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [109] 109. Leichsenring F, Ablon S, Barber JP, et al. Developing a pro- totype for short-term psychodynamic (supportive-expressive) therapy: an empirical study with the psychotherapy process Q-set. Psychother Res. 2015;26:500-510. source

In the paper

“Since the first CBASP trial published in 2000, 114 5 CBASP studies have been published that provide only mixed results supporting CBASP.75,[115][116][117][118]”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results (Comment; page unavailable) say this trial found no added benefit from CBASP and that its findings contradicted previous studies, supporting the characterization of mixed results. The paper does not establish that exactly five CBASP studies had been published since the first trial in 2000. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [75] 75. Kocsis JH, Gelenberg AJ, Rothbaum BO, et al. Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy and brief sup- portive psychotherapy for augmentation of antidepressant nonresponse in chronic depression: the REVAMP Trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66:1178-1188. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [115] 115. Schatzberg AF, Rush AJ, Arnow BA, et al. Chronic depres- sion: medication (nefazodone) or psychotherapy (CBASP) is effective when the other is not. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005; 62:513-520. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [116] 116. Schramm E, Zobel I, Dykierek P, et al. Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy versus interpersonal psy- chotherapy for early-onset chronic depression: a randomized pilot study. J Affect Disord. 2011;129:109-116. source

In the paper

“Clinical trials have supported its therapeutic value as an adjunct to treatment as usual 94,95 and its comparability to maintenance antidepressant medication 69,96 in this context.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Introduction reports trials in which MBCT plus treatment as usual reduced relapse among patients with three or more previous depressive episodes. It also reports a separate trial finding comparable relapse rates for MBCT and maintenance antidepressant medication in that population. The medication comparison is reported by this paper, not tested in its own trial. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [94] 94. Bondolfi G, Jermann F, der Linden MV, et al. Depression relapse prophylaxis with mindfulness-based cognitive ther- apy: replication and extension in the Swiss health care system. J Affect Disord. 2010;122:224-231. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [95] 95. Godfrin KA, van Heeringen C. The effects of mindfulness- based cognitive therapy on recurrence of depressive episodes, mental health and quality of life: a randomized controlled study. Behav Res Ther. 2010;48:738-746. source
• Supported

  The citation to this paper is attached to MBCT’s comparability with maintenance antidepressant medication, not the separate claim about adjunctive treatment. The Discussion reports that MBCT with support to taper or discontinue antidepressants was not superior to maintenance antidepressants over two years, while both groups had comparatively good outcomes. The Additional information section describes it as an alternative for preventing relapse or recurrence. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites [69] 69. Kuyken W, Hayes R, Barrett B, et al. Effectiveness and cost- effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy com- pared with maintenance antidepressant treatment in the pre- vention of depressive relapse or recurrence (PREVENT): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;386:63-73. source

In the paper

“An initial meta-analysis of peer support for depression was positive, but subsequent results are mixed.[134][135][136]”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results report that peer support reduced depressive symptoms more than usual care, and the Discussion describes the pooled results as positive. This supports the initial meta-analysis portion of the sentence; the statement about subsequent results is associated with the later citations, not this 2011 paper. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites [134] source
• Partly supported

  The Results section, ‘Effect of peer-delivered interventions on depression’ (page not provided), reports no significant effect on clinical outcomes or loneliness, supporting the claim that later findings were not uniformly positive. The Introduction mentions earlier reviews but does not say an initial meta-analysis of peer support for depression was positive. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites [135] 135. Fuhr DC, Salisbury TT, De Silva MJ, et al. Effectiveness of peer-delivered interventions for severe mental illness and depression on clinical and psychosocial outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Psychiatry Psy- chiatr Epidemiol. 2014;49:1691-1702. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  The paper’s discussion of prior evidence (page unavailable) says findings for peer-support interventions have been mixed, and its Results report no significant difference between its intervention and comparison groups. Its References list a meta-analysis of peer support for depression, but the available text does not say that the meta-analysis was positive. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites [136] 136. Valenstein M, Pfeiffer PN, Brandfon S, et al. Augmenting ongoing depression care with a mutual peer support interven- tion versus self-help materials alone: a randomized trial. Psy- chiatr Serv. 2016;67:236-239. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Both telephone-delivered and in-person PST were effective for treating MDD in low-income homebound older adults.139”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Discussion (page not available) reports that both tele-PST and in-person PST were effective for depression in low-income homebound older adults. But the Intervention section specifies that tele-PST used Skype video calls, not telephone delivery; telephone calls were a separate support-only comparison group. The Participants and Settings section defines eligibility by a depression-rating score, rather than an MDD diagnosis. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites [139] 139. Choi NG, Marti CN, Bruce ML, et al. Six-month postinter- vention depression and disability outcomes of in-home tele- health problem-solving therapy for depressed, low-income homebound older adults. Depress Anxiety. 2014;31:653-661. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“In 16 studies of various diagnoses, there was improvement in depressive symptoms and anxiety with ACT, although less than with CBT.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [120] 120. Powers MB, Zum Vorde Sive Vording MB, Emmelkamp PMG. Acceptance and commitment therapy: a meta- analytic review. Psychother Psychosom. 2009;78:73-80. source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [121] 121. Ruiz FJ. Acceptance and commitment therapy versus tradi- tional cognitive behavioral therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of current empirical evidence. Int J Psychol Psychol Ther. 2012;12:333-357.
• Partly supported

  The Effect Size as a Function of Target Problem section reports better anxiety/depression outcomes with ACT than with control conditions, supporting the improvement claim. But this paper analyzed 39 trials, not 16; its Discussion identifies 16 as the number in a separate meta-analysis by Ruiz. The Discussion also reports no significant difference between ACT and established treatments such as CBT, with effect sizes appearing slightly larger for ACT—not less improvement than with CBT. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites [122] 122. A-Tjak JGL, Davis ML, Morina N, et al. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy for clini- cally relevant mental and physical health problems. Psy- chother Psychosom. 2015;84:30-36. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“The broader application of such technologies to psychiatry has been extensively reviewed and found to be acceptable and generally equivalent to face-to-face care for many psychiatric conditions. 155,,156”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Treatment using telepsychiatry section reports a review of 39 outcome studies finding videoconferencing appears as effective as in-person care on most measures, including satisfaction and clinical outcomes. The Abstract describes telepsychiatry as generally well accepted and effective across multiple age groups and settings. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites [155] 155. Gajaria A, Conn DK, Madan R. Telepsychiatry: effectiveness and feasibility. Smart Homecare Technol TeleHealth. 2015; 2015:59-67. source
• Supported

  The Clinical outcomes section concludes that the bulk of the evidence finds videoconferencing-based telepsychiatry no less effective than face-to-face treatment, while acknowledging limitations in the studies. The discussion on p. 293 reports high patient satisfaction and describes videoconferencing psychotherapy as useful across different disorders and patient populations. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites [156] 156. Chakrabarti S. Usefulness of telepsychiatry: a critical evalua- tion of videoconferencing-based approaches. World J Psy- chiatry. 2015;5:286-304. source

In the paper

“Another large primary care trial compared the effects of group MBCT and maintenance antidepressant therapy on time to relapse; while there were no significant differences between the 2 conditions, the risk of relapse was greater in those who had prematurely discontinued antidepressant treatment.69”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites [69] 69. Kuyken W, Hayes R, Barrett B, et al. Effectiveness and cost- effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy com- pared with maintenance antidepressant treatment in the pre- vention of depressive relapse or recurrence (PREVENT): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;386:63-73. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“CBT remains the most established evidence-based, first-line treatment for depression, both acute and maintenance.”

In the paper

“A key limitation of the STPP literature is the conflation of different models of psychodynamic therapy (PDT) into the broad term STPP, whereby no single model has a replicated large RCT with positive findings for MDD, unlike CBT and IPT.”

In the paper

“very few bibliotherapy trials have been published since 2009.”

In the paper

“PST has been tested most extensively in primary care settings in individuals with a variety of depressive symptoms spanning subclinical depression, adjustment disorders, and MDD, with clear efficacy in reducing depressive symptoms.”

In the paper

“Although the meta-analysis aimed to examine the effect of any type of psychological treatment, the evidence was limited to CBT and MBCT.161”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [161] 161. Guidi J, Fava GA, Fava M, et al. Efficacy of the sequential integration of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in major depressive disorder: a preliminary meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2011;41:321-331. source

In the paper

“recruitment of individuals in standard MDD RCTs often excludes people with current suicidality, substance use, and other comorbidities.5 This limits the generalizability of these studies.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Zimmerman M, Mattia JI, Posternak MA. Are subjects in pharmacological treatment trials of depression representative of patients in routine clinical practice? Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:469-473. source

In the paper

“a large individual-level meta-analysis confirmed that men and women derive similar benefits from CBT and from antidepressants.11”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] 11. Cuijpers P, Weitz E, Twisk J, et al. Gender as predictor and moderator of outcome in cognitive behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy for adult depression: an ''individual patient data'' meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety. 2014;31: 941-951. source

In the paper

“For ADHD, CBT can improve both depressive and ADHD symptoms.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] 22. Bond DJ, Hadjipavlou G, Lam RW, et al. The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) task force recommendations for the management of patients with mood disorders and comorbid attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2012; 24:23-37. source

In the paper

“concluded that the best outcomes are likely to come from the concurrent use of evidence-based therapy relationships, not just evidence-based treatments.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [45] 45. Norcross JC.Psychotherapy relationships that work: evidence-based responsiveness. 2nd ed. New York (NY): Oxford University Press; 2011.

In the paper

“Three evidence-based common factors found to predict positive outcomes are establishing a strong therapeutic alliance, using empathy, and collecting client feedback (Table 4).[46][47][48][49]”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [46] 46. Norcross JC, Lambert MJ. Psychotherapy relationships that work II. Psychotherapy. 2011;48:4-8. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] 47. Norcross JC, Wampold BE. Evidence-based therapy relation- ships: research conclusions and clinical practices. Psychother- apy. 2011;48:98-102. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [48] 48. Elliott R, Bohart AC, Watson JC, et al. Empathy. Psychother- apy (Chic). 2011;48:43-49. source

In the paper

“many pregnant women prefer psychological treatment and report fear of potential adverse effects of antidepressants on the developing fetus or on their newborn via lactation, general worries about a negative outcome, and fears of dependency as well as balancing concerns about their own health or the fetus.41,42”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [41] 41. Battle CL, Salisbury AL, Schofield CA, et al. Perinatal anti- depressant use: understanding women's preferences and con- cerns. J Psychiatr Pract. 2013;19:443-453. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] 42. Walton GD, Ross LE, Stewart DE, et al. Decisional con- flict among women considering antidepressant medication use in pregnancy. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2014;17: 493-501. source

In the paper

“When only bona-fide therapies (defined as delivered by trained therapists, based on psychological principles, and designed to be a viable treatment) were considered, there were no differences between CBT and IPT, but CBT was more effective than other psychotherapies considered as a group 59”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] 59. Tolin DF. Is cognitive-behavioral therapy more effective than other therapies? A meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30:710-720. source

In the paper

“The evidence base for STPP has expanded with recent studies, including comparisons with CBT 72 and antidepressant medication 73 and a recently updated meta-analysis.61”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [72] 72. Driessen E, Van HL, Don FJ, et al. The efficacy of cognitive- behavioral therapy and psychodynamic therapy in the outpa- tient treatment of major depression: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170:1041-1050. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [73] 73. Barber JP, Barrett MS, Gallop R, et al. Short-term dynamic psychotherapy versus pharmacotherapy for major depressive disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psy- chiatry. 2012;73:66-73. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [61] 61. Driessen E, Hegelmaier LM, Abbass AA, et al. The efficacy of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for depression: a meta-analysis update. Clin Psychol Rev. 2015;42:1-15. source

In the paper

“given the gap between needed and available psychological treatments, group psychotherapy could improve access to treatment.”

In the paper

“Studies comparing 8 versus 16 or more sessions are rare but suggestive of similar effectiveness.[84][85][86]”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [84] 84. Dekker J, Molenaar PJ, Kool S, et al. Dose-effect relations in time-limited combined psycho-pharmacological treatment for depression. Psychol Med. 2005;35:47-58. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [85] 85. Molenaar PJ, Boom Y, Peen J, et al. Is there a dose-effect relationship between the number of psychotherapy sessions and improvement of social functioning? Br J Clin Psychol. 2011;50:268-282. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [86] 86. Dimidjian S, Hollon SD, Dobson KS, et al. Randomized trial of behavioral activation, cognitive therapy, and anti- depressant medication in the acute treatment of adults with major depression. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2006; 74:658-670. source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of 10 trials demonstrated a reduction in the risk of relapse by 21% in the first year and by 28% in the first 2 years.90”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [90] 90. Clarke K, Mayo-Wilson E, Kenny J, et al. Can non- pharmacological interventions prevent relapse in adults who have recovered from depression? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Clin Psychol Rev. 2015;39:58-70. source

In the paper

“There is insufficient evidence to recommend STPP or PDT as a maintenance treatment for MDD.”

In the paper

“CBASP was developed specifically for the treatment of chronic depression.113”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [113] 113. McCullough JP. Treatment for chronic depression using cog- nitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy (CBASP). J Clin Psychol. 2003;59:833-846. source

In the paper

“Two separate meta-analyses found that the use of PST as an acute treatment for late life depression resulted in a significant reduction of depressive symptoms as well as disability in comparison to control treatments.138,140”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [138] 138. Bell AC, D'Zurilla TJ. Problem-solving therapy for depres- sion: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2009;29:348-353. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [140] 140. Kirkham JG, Choi N, Seitz DP. Meta-analysis of problem solving therapy for the treatment of major depressive disorder in older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015;31:526-535. source

In the paper

“The rationale for BA is that depression is caused and maintained by escape and avoidance of aversive emotions and stimuli that become self-reinforced and also prevents positive reinforcement of nondepressive behaviour, consequently causing longstanding patterns of inertia, avoidance, and social withdrawal.123”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [123] 123. Ferster CB. A functional analysis of depression. Am Psychol. 1973;28:857-870. source

In the paper

“One meta-analysis (34 studies, N > 2000 patients with depressive symptoms, but not necessarily MDD) 127 found similar large effect sizes for BA and CBT compared to control conditions, as well as a similar effect to CBT.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [127] 127. Mazzucchelli T, Kane R, Rees C. Behavioral activation treat- ments for depression in adults: a meta-analysis and review. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2009;16:383-411. source

In the paper

“PST is recommended as a second-line acute treatment in primary care and geriatric depression (Level 2 Evidence)”

In the paper

“Collectively, telephone-delivered CBT has Level 1 Evidence, while other therapies have Level 2 Evidence”

In the paper

“In one of the first large trials (600 patients starting antidepressants in primary care offices), both 8-session CBT and disease management by phone improved clinical efficacy and satisfaction, compared to medication alone.79”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] 79. Simon GE, Ludman EJ, Tutty S, et al. Telephone psychother- apy and telephone care management for primary care patients starting antidepressant treatment: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292:935-942. source

In the paper

“a large pragmatic trial found that a course of up to 18 sessions of face-to-face individual CBT significantly reduced depressive symptoms and increased the likelihood of therapeutic response to antidepressants in treatment-resistant depression.63”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. Wiles N, Thomas L, Abel A, et al. Cognitive behavioural therapy as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for primary care based patients with treatment resistant depression: results of the CoBalT randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2013;381: 375-384. source

In the paper

“When the Internet therapy is guided by a clinician, both adherence and efficacy are much more substantial.88”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [88] 88. Cuijpers P. Psychotherapies for adult depression: recent developments. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2015;28:24-29. source