Italian Validation of the Symptom Rating Test (SRT) and Symptom Questionnaire (SQ) *
Abstract
Two self-rating scales of psychological distress, the Symptom Rating Test (SRT) and the Symptom Questionnaire (SQ), have been validated in translations in Italy. They were administered in several studies to psychiatric patients (neurotics and depressives), matched controls, and patients suffering from various organic illnesses (dermatologic disorders, hypertension, secondary amenorrhea and patients undergoing amniocentesis). The SRT and the SQ sensitively discriminated between psychiatric patients and normals, between different levels of psychological distress in several of the somatic illnesses, and detected significant changes in the psychological status of patients participating in medical procedures such as amniocentesis. The scales were found to be useful in research in psychiatry and psychosomatic medicine. The findings suggest that the Italian translations are valid and sensitive scales of distress and can apparently be used as effectively in research as the original. They are likely to be of value in cross-cultural research in Canada. Both scales may be helpful in the psychological assessment of Italian immigrants in North America and Australia, especially in those whose English is poor.
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The Symptom Questionnaire had good validity and reliability.
“The Symptom Questionnaire had good validity and reliability [43]”
From Protocol and methods for testing the efficacy of well-being therapy in chronic migraine patients: a randomized controlled trial. (2018) · cites this paper as [43]
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationGolfieri, L., Lauro, A., Tossani, E., Sirri, L., Venturoli, A., Dazzi, A., Zanfi, C., Zanello, M., Vetrone, G., Cucchetti, A., et al. (2010) · Transplantation Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.12.021 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationAllostatic overload in patients with essential hypertension
Guidi, J., Lucente, M., Piolanti, A., Roncuzzi, R., Rafanelli, C., & Sonino, N. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104545 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Facchinetti, F., Neri, I., & Tarabusi, M. (2002) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.914 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A Stress-Busting Program for Family Caregivers
Lewis, S. L., Miner‐Williams, D., Novian, A., Escamilla, M. I., Blackwell, P. H., Kretzschmar, J. M., Arévalo-Flechas, L. C., & Bonner, P. N. (2009) · Rehabilitation Nursing · doi:10.1002/j.2048-7940.2009.tb00271.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire
Andrei, F., Smith, M. M., Surcinelli, P., Baldaro, B., & Saklofske, D. (2016) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1177/0748175615596786 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Symptoms related to emotional and somatic wellbeing were assessed using the Symptom Questionnaire (SQ; Kellner, 1987; Italian adaptation by Fava et al., 1983).”
MethodShort-term effectiveness of psychotherapy treatments delivered at a university counselling service
Monti, F., Tonetti, L., & Bitti, P. E. R. (2015) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069885.2015.1119233 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“In order to assess the effectiveness of the psychological treatments, the counselling service used the Italian version (Fava et al., 1983) of the Symptom Questionnaire (SQ) (Kellner, 1987).”
BackgroundMethodVescovelli, F., Albieri, E., & Ruini, C. (2014) · SpringerPlus · doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-490 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“SQ has previously been validated in an Italian population, both adults and children (Rizzardi and Trombini 1991), showing good psychometric properties (Kellner 1987; Fava et al. 1983; Fava and Sonino 2009).”
MethodInfluentialLife Stressors, Allostatic Overload, and Their Impact on Posttraumatic Growth
Ruini, C., Offidani, E., & Vescovelli, F. (2013) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2013.830530 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Sirri, L., Magelli, C., & Grandi, S. (2010) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440903377339 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“(2) The Italian version of Kellner’s SQ (Fava et al., 1983; Kellner, 1987).”
BackgroundSelf-citationNeurocirculatory asthenia: a reassessment using modern psychosomatic criteria
Fava, G. A., Magelli, C., Savron, G., Conti, S., Bartolucci, G., Grandi, S., Semprini, F., Saviotti, F. M., Belluardo, P., & Magnani, B. (1994) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01521.x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationGambetti, E., Bensi, L., Nori, R., & Giusberti, F. (2011) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s204579601100031x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“The SQ (Fava et al. 1983) is a 92-item self-report questionnaire with four scales assessing pathological dimensions: anxiety, depression, somatization and hostility.”
BackgroundMethodDepression and hostility in hyperprolactinemia
D, M. F. M., Fava, G. A., Kellner, R., Serafini, E., & Mastrogiacomo, I. (1982) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0278-5846(82)80133-4 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationWell-being and distress of patients with Parkinson's disease: a comparative investigation
Vescovelli, F., Sarti, D., & Ruini, C. (2017) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610217002575 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Anxiety in adolescent epilepsy. A clinimetric analysis
Carrozzino, D., Marchetti, D., Laino, D., Minna, M., Verrocchio, M. C., Fulcheri, M., Verrotti, A., & Bech, P. (2016) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/08039488.2016.1143029 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“(20), showing good psychometric properties (16).”
MethodCognition, Behavior, Sexuality, and Autonomic Responses of Women with Hypothalamic Amenorrhea
Pruneti, C. A., & Guidotti, S. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12111448 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“The Symptom Questionnaire—weekly version (SQ) [20,21] is a self-assessment questionnaire that investigates the state of well-being/distress perceived by the subject during a specific period.”
BackgroundScarponi, D., Sarti, P., Rivi, V., Colliva, C., Marconi, E., Pession, A., & Blom, J. M. C. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15133496 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Thus, by recurring to Kellner’s Symptom Questionnaire [13], we assessed the psychological symptoms (i.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCeroni, G. B., Ceroni, F. B., Bivi, R., Corsino, M. A., de Marco, P., Gallo, E. S., Giovannini, G., Gherardi, S., Pezzoli, A., Rucci, P., et al. (1992) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/bf00788935 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Cortical Inhibitory Imbalance in Functional Paralysis
Benussi, A., Premi, E., Cantoni, V., Compostella, S., Magni, E., Gilberti, N., Vergani, V., Delrio, I., Gamba, M., Spezi, R., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00153 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Another relevant aspect could have been to investigate interhemispheric connectivity between the two motor cortices, using a paired coil method to test interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) (Ferbert et al., 1992).”
MethodBenasi, G., Gostoli, S., Zhu, B., Offidani, E., Artin, M. G., Gagliardi, L., Rignanese, G., Sassi, G., Fava, G. A., & Rafanelli, C. (2022) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001115 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Taking insulin, n (%) 13 (22) 7 (23) 6 (21) .”
MethodSelf-citationPruneti, C. A., Fiduccia, A., & Guidotti, S. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100673 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Spaggiari, G., Santi, D., Budriesi, G., Dondi, P., Cavedoni, S., Leonardi, L., Delvecchio, C., Valentini, L., Bondi, M., Miloro, C., et al. (2020) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-020-04723-w · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“The remaining four subscales investigate relaxation, contentment, physical wellbeing, and good disposition towards others, scored from 0 to 6 [19].”
BackgroundInfluentialRating Depression and Anxiety after Mastectomy: Observer versus Self-Rating Scales
Grandi, S., Fava, G. A., Cunsolo, A., Saviotti, F. M., Ranieri, M., Trombini, G., & Gozzetti, G. (1990) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/e9p0-h8nw-0myj-2gcl · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationEffectiveness of Psychological Treatments Delivered at a Counseling Service for Students
Monti, F., Tonetti, L., & Bitti, P. E. R. (2013) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/21.02.pr0.113x28z4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Kellner, R. (1986) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-70486-4_20 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationWestermeyer, J. J., Cañive, J. M., Garrard, J. M., Padilla, E. B., Crosby, R. D., & THURAS, P. D. (2002) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/136346150203900408 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Panic disorder may present as ‘anger attacks’ in minority men, rendering clinical recognition difficult (Fava et al., 1983).”
BackgroundHealth attitudes and psychological distress in patients attending a lithium clinic
Fava, G. A., Molnar, G., Spinks, M. T., Loretan, A., & Bartlett, D. (1984) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1984.tb01253.x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationSirri, L., Pierangeli, G., Cevoli, S., Cortelli, P., Grandi, S., & Tossani, E. (2018) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.05.011 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationLanglois, F., Suarez, G. M., & Fleseriu, M. (2020) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.22683.1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Table 2 presents brief details of the following questionnaires: the Symptom Questionnaire 83,84 , Signs and Symptoms Score 85,86 , the Patient-Assessed Acromegaly Symptom Questionnaire 85,86 , Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) 87–89 , the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20) 90,91 , the…”
BackgroundGrussu, P., & Quatraro, R. M. (2013) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2012.708373 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Quinto, R. M., Russo, F., Scafuto, F., Innamorati, M., Montecucco, N. F., & Ghiroldi, S. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15010055 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Sense of Coherence and Caregivers of Persons with Dementia
Childers, K. M. (2019) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs9020014 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Psychological reactions to fetoscopy: A controlled study
Fava, G. A., Michelacci, L., Trombini, G., Bovicelli, L., & Orlandi, C. (1984) · Prenatal Diagnosis · doi:10.1002/pd.1970040602 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychological reactions to thermography and mammography
Bartolucci, G., Savron, G., Fava, G. A., Grandi, S., Trombini, G., & Orlandi, C. (1989) · Stress Medicine · doi:10.1002/smi.2460050310 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationExploring Post-traumatic Growth in Parkinson's Disease: A Mixed Method Study
Vescovelli, F., Minotti, S., & Ruini, C. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-020-09713-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The effects of cognitive distortion and depression on disability in rheumatoid arthritis
Clough, D. H. (1991) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.4770140608 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mansueto, G., De Cesaris, F., Geppetti, P., & Cosci, F. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2944-5 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Well-Being Therapy for Depressive Symptoms in Chronic Migraine: A Case Report
Mansueto, G., & Cosci, F. (2021) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650121989812 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Affective symptoms were assessed via the Symptoms Questionnaire (SQ) (Fava et al., 1983; Kellner, 1987); distress via the PsychoSocial Index (PSI) (Piolanti et al., 2016; Sonino & Fava, 1989); psychological well-being via the Psychological Well-Being scales (PWB) (Ruini et al., 2003; Ryff & Keyes,…”
MethodGuidotti, S., Fiduccia, A., Morisi, G., & Pruneti, C. A. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13070772 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Psychological symptoms were investigated through the Symptom Questionnaire [28].”
Guidi, J., Clementi, C., & Grandi, S. (2013) · Rivista di psichiatria · doi:10.1708/1272.14036 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationIl Symptom Questionnaire come strumento di screening nei contesti sanitari di base
Rucci, P., de Marco, P., & Bivi, R. (1994) · Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00009295 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Anxiety sensitivity in essential hypertension
Pagotto, U., Fallo, F., Fava, G. A., Boscaro, M., & Sonino, N. (1992) · Stress Medicine · doi:10.1002/smi.2460080210 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationHyperprolactinemia and Psychological Distress in Women Undergoing Chronic Hemodialysis
D, M. F. M., Serafini, E., Besi, L. D., Adami, A., & Mastrogiacomo, I. (2010) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000288059 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationStreet drug use during pregnancy: potential programming effects on preschool wheeze
Alton, M. E., Tough, S., Mandhane, P. J., & Kozyrskyj, A. L. (2012) · Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease · doi:10.1017/s2040174412000670 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Guidotti, S., Pruneti, C. A., Mortilla, S., Masellis, G., & Caramuscio, C. (2023) · International journal of psychological research · doi:10.21500/20112084.5981 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Fava, G. A., Kellner, R., Perini, G. I., Fava, M., Michelacci, L., Munari, F., Evangelisti, L. P., Grandi, S., Bernardi, M., & Mastrogiacomo, I.
- Affiliations
- University of New Mexico (US)
- University of Padua (IT)
- Intern, Istituto di Semeiotica Medica, University of Padua School of Medicine.
- University of Bologna (IT)
- Venue
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1983-03
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 117-123
- ISSN
- 0706-7437 (ISSN-L)
- 1497-0015
- OpenAlex
- W2410047583
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 5.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- symptom questionnaire, psychological distress, self-report scale, Italian translation, cross-cultural validation, psychosomatic medicine, psychiatric patients, somatic diseases, amniocentesis, neurosis, depression, Italian immigrants, psychological assessment
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affective Symptoms, Amniocentesis, Mental Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Italy, Male, Middle Aged, Neurotic Disorders, Pregnancy, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychophysiologic Disorders
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