Temperature Circadian Rhythms during the Menstrual Cycle and Sleep Deprivation in Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder and Normal Comparison Subjects
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The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the circadian rhythm of core body temperature is altered in premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) subjects compared to that in normal comparison (NC) subjects and that it is normalized in PMDD subjects after treatment with early night partial sleep deprivation (ESD) or late night partial sleep deprivation (LSD). A total of 23 subjects meeting DSM-IV criteria for PMDD and 18 NC subjects had 24-h core body temperature recordings taken during the following conditions: (1) baseline midfollicular (preovulatory) and (2) late luteal (postovulatory) menstrual cycle phases and after a randomized crossover trial in subsequent luteal phases of (3) ESD, in which subjects slept from 03:00 to 07:00 h, followed by (4) a night of recovery sleep (ESD-R: sleep 22:30 to 06:30 h), and (5) LSD, in which subjects slept from 21:00 to 01:00 h, also followed by (6) a night of recovery sleep (LSD-R: sleep 22:30 to 06:30 h). Temperature amplitudes were significantly decreased in the luteal phase compared to those in the follicular menstrual cycle phase and increased after nights of recovery sleep. Compared to the baseline late luteal phase, during LSD, temperature amplitude increased in PMDD subjects but decreased in NC subjects. During ESD, the temperature acrophase was delayed in PMDD subjects but was advanced in NC subjects; during LSD, the tempera ture acrophase was advanced in PMDD subjects but was delayed in NC subjects compared to the late luteal baseline. Nocturnal temperature and temperature maxima and mesors tended to be higher in PMDD subjects than in NC subjects; when not reduced during sleep deprivation interventions, these were not asso ciated with therapeutic effects. Alterations in both phase and amplitude of temperature circadian rhythms characterize PMDD subjects as contrasted with NC subjects in response to sleep deprivation. The changes in phase reflected more shifts in temperature acrophase in response to shifts in sleep in PMDD subjects. This realignment of the timing of sleep and temperature in addition to the enhancement of blunted amplitude rhythms during recovery nights of sleep may provide corrective mechanisms that contribute to the therapeutic effects of sleep deprivation.
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Within PMDD patients, CBT amplitude is decreased during the luteal phase.
“Although a later study [105] failed to replicate these results, the authors described a decreased amplitude during the LP within PMDD patients, as well as a trend for increased nocturnal CBT in PMDD women compared to controls during the LP.”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [105]
There is a trend for increased nocturnal CBT in PMDD women compared to controls during the luteal phase.
“Although a later study [105] failed to replicate these results, the authors described a decreased amplitude during the LP within PMDD patients, as well as a trend for increased nocturnal CBT in PMDD women compared to controls during the LP.”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [105]
A later study failed to replicate the findings of elevated nocturnal CBT and reduced CBT amplitude in PMDD women.
“Although a later study [105] failed to replicate these results, the authors described a decreased amplitude during the LP within PMDD patients, as well as a trend for increased nocturnal CBT in PMDD women compared to controls during the LP.”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [105]
Late sleep deprivation increases CBT amplitude in PMDD patients.
“Late-SD (sleep times: 21:00–01:00) increased CBT amplitude [105] and advanced the acrophase of CBT [105], PRL [64], and cortisol [68], while it delayed the TSH acrophase [64].”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [105]
After early sleep deprivation during the luteal phase, CBT acrophase is phase-delayed in PMDD patients.
“After early-SD (sleep times: 03:00–07:00) during the LP, CBT [105], PRL [64], and TSH [64] acrophases were phase-delayed, PRL amplitude was lowered [64], and TSH amplitude was increased [64].”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [105]
Late sleep deprivation advances CBT acrophase in PMDD patients.
“Late-SD (sleep times: 21:00–01:00) increased CBT amplitude [105] and advanced the acrophase of CBT [105], PRL [64], and cortisol [68], while it delayed the TSH acrophase [64].”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [105]
Most studies that confirmed ovulatory cycles found that the nocturnal decline in core body temperature is blunted, reducing the amplitude of the daily temperature rhythm in the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase.
“the nocturnal decline in core body temperature is blunted, reducing the amplitude of the daily temperature rhythm in the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase (Figure 2; 35,65-75).”
From Temperature regulation in women: Effects of the menstrual cycle (2020) · cites this paper as [71]
Most studies that confirmed ovulatory cycles found that mean or mesor core body temperature is increased in the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase.
“Most studies that confirmed the presence of ovulatory cycles found that the mean or mesor core body temperature is increased”
From Temperature regulation in women: Effects of the menstrual cycle (2020) · cites this paper as [71]
Other investigators found no difference in the phase of the temperature rhythm between the luteal and follicular phases.
“while others have found no difference [35,69,71,79]”
From Temperature regulation in women: Effects of the menstrual cycle (2020) · cites this paper as [71]
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- Authors
- Parry, B. L., LeVeau, B., Mostofi, N., Naham, H. C., Loving, R., Clopton, P., & Christian Gillin, J.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
- ORCID
- Clopton, Paul
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Rhythms
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1997-02
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 34-46
- ISSN
- 0748-7304 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-4531
- OpenAlex
- W1995087851
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Rhythms (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r29mh042831-05, RR00827)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R29MH42831, RR00827, MH30914)
- National Center for Research Resources (M-01RR00827, RR00827, M01RR000827)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- premenstrual dysphoric disorder, core body temperature, circadian rhythm, sleep deprivation, menstrual cycle, luteal phase, follicular phase, temperature amplitude, recovery sleep, sleep timing
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Body Temperature, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Follicular Phase, Humans, Luteal Phase, Menstrual Cycle, Premenstrual Syndrome, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Sleep Deprivation, Cross-Over Studies
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