Infant Feeding Practices and Social Support Networks Among Immigrant Chinese American Mothers With Economic Disadvantage in New York City

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Credibility was tested through triangulation of multiple viewpoints and peer debriefing, in which findings were workshopped with clinical stakeholders and community researchers familiar with the population but not involved in the research question.

“We also tested credibility with triangulation (multiple viewpoints) and peer debriefing by work-shopping findings regularly to clinical stakeholders and community researchers who had experience with the study population but were not involved in the research question (Johnson et al., 2017; Noble & Heale, 2019).”

• cites Johnson et al., 2017 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Noble & Heale, 2019 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Goal-oriented debriefs held after every one or two interviews let interviewers and coders test emerging concepts, build facilitation skills, and examine their own assumptions and potential biases.

“To inform iterative changes in the guide, goal-oriented debriefs were conducted after every 1–2 interviews (McMahon & Winch, 2018). These debriefs allowed the interviewers and coders to (1) test emergent concepts, (2) develop facilitation skills, and (3) reflect on their own assumptions, practices, and belief systems that might introduce bias in collecting and interpreting data.”

• cites McMahon & Winch, 2018 sourcePartly supported

  In “What are debriefings?” and “How should debriefings be done?” (pages not provided), the paper says debriefings help teams refine questions, assess emerging findings, strengthen interviewing skills, and reflect on their biases. It does not specify debriefing after every one or two interviews or identify coders as participants; those details describe the citing authors’ practice rather than a procedure established by this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Immigrant populations facing economic disadvantage contend with both poverty and immigration-related social determinants of health, such as cultural health beliefs and language barriers.

“Immigrant populations with economic disadvantage navigate both poverty and immigration-related social determinants of health, for example, cultural health beliefs and language barriers (Misra et al., 2021).”

• cites Misra et al., 2021 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction’s “Economic Exploitation and Disinvestment” section describes impoverished conditions among immigrants alongside limited English proficiency and linguistic isolation. The “Implications and Recommendations for Future Research” section also identifies language barriers to research participation and healthcare provision. The passages do not identify cultural health beliefs as an immigration-related social determinant of health; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Purposive sampling was used to achieve maximum variation in breastfeeding experiences.

“The team performed purposive sampling (Palinkas et al., 2015) of mothers to obtain maximum variation of breastfeeding experiences.”

• cites Palinkas et al., 2015 sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Possible mechanisms connecting maternal social support networks to health behavior models include whether meeting maternal needs raises maternal self-efficacy, or whether family and friends create social norms that support or oppose particular infant feeding practices.

“Potential mechanisms linking maternal social support networks to models of health behavior include whether meeting maternal needs increases maternal self-efficacy (De Sousa Machado et al., 2020), or whether family and friends generate social norms that reinforce or oppose certain infant feeding practices (Brouwer et al., 2012).”

• cites De Sousa Machado et al., 2020 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Brouwer et al., 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

40% of families (n = 10) reported unemployment during the COVID-19 pandemic.

“and 40% (n = 10) of families described unemployment during the Coronavirus-19 pandemic.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

More than half of participants (n = 14, 56%) were first-time mothers.

“Over half (n = 14, 56%) of participants interviewed were first time mothers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Most participants were first-generation immigrants born in China (n = 23, 96%).

“Participants were primarily first-generation immigrants born in China (n = 23, 96%) from the Fujian Province (n = 16, 64%).”

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Participants felt strong emotions while breastfeeding.

“Participants expressed emotions when breastfeeding, “I often cried while breastfeeding the baby…but support and encouragement helped me get through.””

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Mean duration of U.S. residence was about 9 years (M = 8.9; SD = 6.3).

“The mean duration of U.S. residence was about 9 years (M = 8.9; SD = 6.3)”

May combine two claims.

After gathering information, interactions with family and close friends shaped mothers' attitudes, strengthened their convictions, and eased stress about feeding decisions.

“After gathering information (Theme 1), interactions with family and close friends shaped maternal attitudes, strengthened convictions, and mitigated stress around feeding decisions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

About half of participants (n = 12, 48%) had a high school education or less.

“and about half (n = 12, 48%) of participants had a high school education or less.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

More than half of families (n = 13, 52%) reported a parent employed in the restaurant industry.

“Over half of families (n = 13, 52%) reported parent employment in the restaurant industry, and 40% (n = 10) of families described unemployment during the Coronavirus-19 pandemic.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, participants turned to neighbors for infant feeding information.

“During the Coronavirus-19 pandemic, participants turned to neighbors,”

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Most participants came from the Fujian Province (n = 16, 64%).

“Participants were primarily first-generation immigrants born in China (n = 23, 96%) from the Fujian Province (n = 16, 64%).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Infants spanned early infancy (n = 13, 52% aged 1-7 months) to later infancy or early toddlerhood (n = 12, 48% aged 8-15 months).

“Infants ranged from early infancy (n = 13, 52% were 1–7 months) to later infancy/early toddlerhood (n = 12, 48% were 8–15 months).”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Some participants sought information from scientifically or professionally credible sources, while others preferred sources with lived experience rather than professional expertise.

“Some participants sought information from sources with a scientific or professional credibility, looking for “official websites with medical theories behind it” or “online applications with professional suggestions by doctors.””

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Most participants preferred to be interviewed in Mandarin (n = 20, 80%).

“The majority of participants preferred interviews in Mandarin (n = 20, 80%; Table 3).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One first-time mother's confidence grew as she gained experience.

“A self-identified first-time mother spoke about how their confidence increased with increased experience.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Healthy infant feeding includes introducing solid foods appropriately and using responsive maternal feeding styles, and it emphasizes breastfeeding (direct or expressed human milk) to improve immunological, cognitive, and cardiometabolic outcomes over the life course.

“Healthy infant feeding practices, which include appropriate introduction of solid foods and responsive maternal feeding styles, emphasize breastfeeding promotion (human milk direct from the breast or expressed) to optimize immunological, cognitive, and cardiometabolic outcomes across the life course (Eidelman et al., 2012).”

• cites Eidelman et al., 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

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Two arbitrators confirmed consensus on each code's consistency, coherence, and distinctiveness before the codebook was finalized.

“Two arbitrators (RG and SY) helped confirm consensus on consistency, coherence, and distinctiveness of each code before finalizing the codebook.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Asian Americans constitute the most rapidly growing racial and ethnic group in the United States.

“Asian Americans are the fastest growing racial/ethnic group in the United States (Đoàn et al., 2019)”

• cites Đoàn et al., 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

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The interview guide drew on domains of the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Scale, a validated instrument measuring informational, emotional, and material social support.

“The interview guide (Table 1) was informed by domains of the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Scale, a validated scale that assesses informational, emotional, and material social support (Sherbourne & Stewart, 1991).”

• cites Sherbourne & Stewart, 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The study team was multicultural and interdisciplinary, including early childhood and Asian American health disparities experts and a trilingual community health worker who lived in Sunset Park and conducted most interviews.

“This study was conducted by a multicultural interdisciplinary team, with experts in early childhood and Asian American health disparities, including a trilingual community health worker who lived in the Sunset Park neighborhood who conducted the majority of interviews.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Asian cultures, including Chinese populations, the first month after birth is called the "Sit Month," a set of practices believed to aid postpartum recovery from birth, including keeping mothers indoors and following dietary and behavioral rules.

“Within Asian cultures, including Chinese populations, the first month after birth is known as the “Sit Month.” The “Sit Month” includes a set of practices believed to enhance postpartum recovery from the trauma of birth.”

• cites Saito & Lyndon, 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Xie et al., 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

To strengthen trustworthiness, researchers with prolonged engagement with the study population took part in all study stages.

“To increase trustworthiness, we engaged researchers (AM and QZ) with prolonged engagement with the study population (community health worker and medical director of the clinic site, respectively) throughout all study stages (Hadi & Jose Closs, 2016).”

• cites Hadi & Jose Closs, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Asian Americans have the largest wealth gap between low-income and higher-income members.

“and have the widest wealth disparity between those with economic disadvantage and those with higher incomes (Weller & Thompson, 2018).”

• cites Weller & Thompson, 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Translation accuracy and semantic and conceptual equivalence were confirmed by verbatim translation by a professional interpreter, proofreading by a second interpreter, and review by the original interviewer.

“Audio recordings were translated and transcribed verbatim directly from the source language to English by a professional interpreter. Transcripts were then reviewed and proofread by a second professional interpreter. The original interviewer then reviewed the transcript again to confirm translation accuracy and semantic/conceptual equivalence.”

May combine two claims.

Recruitment and analysis continued until data saturation at N = 25, at which point no new themes related to the research question emerged from the transcripts.

“We continued to recruit and analyze interviews until data saturation (N = 25), meaning no new themes related to our research question emerged from the transcripts (Malterud et al., 2016).”

• cites Malterud et al., 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Three researchers coded the interviews independently.

“Three researchers (CDL, VS, AM) independently coded the interviews using textual analysis, prioritizing in vivo, versus, and process coding as shown in Table 2 (Saldana, 2015).”

• cites Saldana, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Traditional postpartum practices affect maternal physical and emotional outcomes and infant feeding practices.

“Researchers have described how traditional postpartum practices influence maternal physical and emotional outcomes as well as infant feeding practices (Lee & Brann, 2015).”

• cites Lee & Brann, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source