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Explaining the Increasing Heritability of Cognitive Ability Across Development: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Twin and Adoption Studies
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Genes account for increasing proportions of variation in cognitive ability across development, but the mechanisms underlying these increases remain unclear. We conducted a meta-analysis of longitudinal behavioral genetic studies spanning infancy to adolescence. We identified relevant data from 16 articles with 11 unique samples containing a total of 11,500 twin and sibling pairs who were all reared together and measured at least twice between the ages of 6 months and 18 years. Longitudinal behavioral genetic models were used to estimate the extent to which early genetic influences on cognition were amplified over time and the extent to which innovative genetic influences arose with time. Results indicated that in early childhood, innovative genetic influences predominate but that innovation quickly diminishes, and amplified influences account for increasing heritability following age 8 years.
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“As heritability rises, the shared environmental component of traits like intelligence tends to become insignificant [30,31].”
From Global Ancestry and Cognitive Ability (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
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“there was significant support for age differences in the a and c parameters, indicating that genetic variance increases and shared environmental variance decreases with age”
From Large Cross-National Differences in Gene × Socioeconomic Status Interaction on Intelligence (2016) · cites this paper as Briley & Tucker-Drob, 2013
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“and increase with age (Briley & Tucker-Drob, 2013)”
From Large Cross-National Differences in Gene × Socioeconomic Status Interaction on Intelligence (2016) · cites this paper as Briley & Tucker-Drob, 2013
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“We also replicated the well-established phenomenon of increasing genetic influences, and decreasing shared environmental influences, on intelligence with childhood age (e.g. Briley & Tucker-Drob, 2013; Haworth et al., 2009) in the current meta-analytic dataset.”
From Large Cross-National Differences in Gene × Socioeconomic Status Interaction on Intelligence (2016) · cites this paper as Briley & Tucker-Drob, 2013
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“Many phenotypes do show signs of shifting heritability with age (Bergen, Gardner, & Kendler, 2007; Briley & Tucker-Drob, 2013; Kandler & Papendick, 2017), and these changes tend to be most pronounced during periods of developmental change that co-occur with educational transitions.”
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“There is ample evidence of age-specific genetic factors from longitudinal twin studies of many traits (the literature here is vast, but see van Beijsterveldt et al. 2013; Boomsma et al. 2002; Briley and Tucker-Drob 2013; Conley et al. 2013; Hewitt et al. 1988; Laceulle et al. 2013; Martino et al. 2013; Nance et al. 19…”
Gustavson, D. E., Borriello, G. A., Karhadkar, M. A., Rhee, S. H., Corley, R. P., Rhea, S. A., DiLalla, L. F., Wadsworth, S. J., Friedman, N. P., & Reynolds, C. A. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2426531122 · Cited by 11
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“…and environmental influences do vary with age (Haworth & Davis, 2014); for example, heritability of intelligence and body mass index (BMI) increase (Haworth et al., 2008; Haworth et al., 2010) due to geneenvironment correlations and our freedom to choose environments (Briley & Tucker-Drob, 2013).”
Kandler, C., Zapko–Willmes, A., Richter, J., & Riemann, R. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813995-0.00007-8 · Cited by 17
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The genetics of gaming: A longitudinal twin study
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How nonshared environmental factors come to correlate with heredity
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“Meta-analyses of longitudinal findings have drawn on Dickens and Flynn’s version of the REM to understand age trends in genetic and environmental variance components, but only indirectly (Briley & Tucker-Drob, 2013, 2014; Tucker-Drob & Briley, 2014).”
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“(p. 264) Regardless of whether Scarr and Weinberg were correct about the mechanism behind the declining variance due to shared environment, the fact of the decline has since been borne out in numerous studies (Briley & Tucker-Drob, 2013).”
Altschul, D. (2019) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/2378023118819943 · Cited by 4
“Cognitive ability is highly heritable (Bartels et al. 2002; Briley and Tucker-Drob 2013), and social circum-stances are usually also passed on from parents to children through their shared environments: the home, the neighborhood, and the larger community (Attree 2004, Deary et al. 2005).”
BackgroundIntelligence, Genetics of: Cognitive Abilities
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“%) variants: PTVs alone, damaging missense alone, and PTV+damaging missense combined (see Methods; Supplementary Table 11).”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Briley, D. A., & Tucker-Drob, E. M.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Department of Psychology and Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin
- Corresponding author
- Briley, Daniel A.
- ORCID
- Briley, Daniel A.
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-07-01
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1704-1713
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- PMC
- PMC3954471
- OpenAlex
- W2116895257
- Cited by
- 178
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 18.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2021-02-16)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24HD042849, R21HD069772, T32HD007081)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Keywords
- cognitive ability, heritability, gene-environment interaction
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Adoption, Age Factors, Child, Child Behavior, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Infant, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Twins, Siblings
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