The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Theory-of-Mind Training Causes Honest Young Children to Lie
Open accessAbstract
Theory of mind (ToM) has long been recognized to play a major role in children’s social functioning. However, no direct evidence confirms the causal linkage between the two. In the current study, we addressed this significant gap by examining whether ToM causes the emergence of lying, an important social skill. We showed that after participating in ToM training to learn about mental-state concepts, 3-year-olds who originally had been unable to lie began to deceive consistently. This training effect lasted for more than a month. In contrast, 3-year-olds who participated in control training to learn about physical concepts were significantly less inclined to lie than the ToM-trained children. These findings provide the first experimental evidence supporting the causal role of ToM in the development of social competence in early childhood.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Experimental work suggests that theory-of-mind training causes children to lie in a strategic manner (Ding et al., 2015), but it remains unclear whether EF plays a mediating role.”
From Early childhood executive function predicts concurrent and later social and behavioral outcomes: A review and meta-analysis. (2024) · cites this paper as Ding et al., 2015
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Wimmer, H. (1983) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(83)90004-5 · Cited by 6,305
Preschool Program Improves Cognitive Control
Diamond, A., Barnett, W. S., Thomas, J., & Munro, S. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1151148 · Cited by 2,025
Scaling of theory-of-mind tasks.
Wellman, H. M., & Liu, D. (2004) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00691.x · Cited by 1,980
Self-citationUnderstanding other minds: perspectives from autism
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.31-3492 · Cited by 1,651
Alison Gopnik, C., & Astington, J. W. (1988) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1988.tb03192.x · Cited by 1,526
Autism: beyond “theory of mind”
Frith, U., & Happé, F. (1994) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(94)90024-8 · Cited by 1,450
Lying: Moral Choice in Public and Private Life
Bok, S. (1979) · Michigan Law Review · doi:10.2307/1288137 · Cited by 1,310
Gopnik, A., & Astington, J. W. (1988) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130386 · Cited by 1,167
The Moral Judgement of the Child
Piaget, J. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,156
Early reasoning about desires: Evidence from 14- and 18-month-olds.
Repacholi, B. M., & Alison Gopnik, C. (1997) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.33.1.12 · Cited by 1,072
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Empirical failures of the claim that autistic people lack a theory of mind.
Gernsbacher, M. A., & Yergeau, M. (2019) · Archives of Scientific Psychology · doi:10.1037/arc0000067 · Cited by 295
Foundations of theory of mind and its development in early childhood
Hannes Rakoczy, B. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00037-z · Cited by 213
Strategic Intelligence: The Cognitive Capability to Anticipate Competitor Behavior
Levine, S. S., Bernard, M. M., & Nagel, R. (2017) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.2660 · Cited by 167
Peterson, C. C., & Wellman, H. M. (2018) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13064 · Cited by 134
Self-citationDo Bilinguals Have an Advantage in Theory of Mind? A Meta-Analysis
Schroeder, S. R. (2018) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2018.00036 · Cited by 120
Pragmatic development explains the Theory-of-Mind Scale
Westra, E., & Carruthers, P. (2016) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2016.10.021 · Cited by 118
Personality and Neural Correlates of Mentalizing Ability
Allen, T. A., Rueter, A., Abram, S. V., Brown, J. S., & DeYoung, C. G. (2017) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2133 · Cited by 95
Cognition is a matter of trust: Distrust tunes cognitive processes
Mayo, R. (2015) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2015.1117249 · Cited by 78
Lying and Theory of Mind: A Meta-Analysis
Lee, J. Y. S., & Imuta, K. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13535 · Cited by 78
Theory of mind, executive function, and lying in children: a meta‐analysis
Sai, L., Shang, S., Tay, C., Liu, X., Sheng, T., Fu, G., Ding, X. P., & Lee, K. (2021) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13096 · Cited by 74
Self-citationDevelopment of Social Cognition
Slaughter, V. P. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119170235.ch9 · Cited by 69
Stucke, N. J., & Doebel, S. (2024) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000445 · Cited by 69
Know Thy Selves: Learning to Understand Oneself Increases the Ability to Understand Others
Böckler, A., Herrmann, L., Trautwein, F., Holmes, T., & Singer, T. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-017-0023-6 · Cited by 68
Leduc, K., Williams, S., Gomez-Garibello, C. A., & Talwar, V. (2016) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12163 · Cited by 59
Does “Could” Lead to Good? On the Road to Moral Insight
Zhang, T., Gino, F., & Margolis, J. D. (2018) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2014.0839 · Cited by 55
Cheating and incentives in a performance context: Evidence from a field experiment on children
Alan, Ş., Ertaç, S., & Gümren, M. (2019) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2019.03.015 · Cited by 44
Young children's self‐benefiting lies and their relation to executive functioning and theory of mind
Fu, G., Sai, L., Yuan, F., & Lee, K. (2017) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2051 · Cited by 39
Self-citationTheory of mind and loneliness: Effects of a conversation‐based training at school
Caputi, M., Cugnata, F., & Brombin, C. (2020) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12707 · Cited by 39
Developmental profiles of children’s spontaneous lie-telling behavior
Lavoie, J., Leduc, K., Arruda, C. M., Crossman, A. M., & Talwar, V. (2016) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2016.12.002 · Cited by 40
Moral learning as intuitive theory revision
Rhodes, M., & Wellman, H. M. (2016) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2016.08.013 · Cited by 42
Self-citationLearning to deceive has cognitive benefits
Ding, X. P., Heyman, G. D., Sai, L., Yuan, F., Winkielman, P., Fu, G., & Lee, K. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2018.07.008 · Cited by 35
Self-citationYoung children discover how to deceive in 10 days: a microgenetic study
Ding, X. P., Heyman, G. D., Fu, G., Zhu, B., & Lee, K. (2017) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12566 · Cited by 33
Self-citationThe role of theory of mind and social skills in predicting children’s cheating
O’Connor, A. M., & Evans, A. D. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2018.11.018 · Cited by 33
Children’s second-order lying: Young children can tell the truth to deceive
Sai, L., Ding, X. P., Gao, X., & Fu, G. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2018.07.012 · Cited by 32
Self-citationYu, C., & Wellman, H. M. (2024) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2024.101162 · Cited by 36
Self-citationVisual behavior modelling for robotic theory of mind
Chen, B., Vondrick, C., & Lipson, H. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77918-x · Cited by 32
Wang, L.-M., Zhu, L., & Wang, Z. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2017.04.023 · Cited by 29
Gentina, É., & Tang, T. L. (2018) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12148 · Cited by 27
Spatial Ability and Theory of Mind: A Mediating Role of Visual Perspective Taking
Tian, M., Luo, T., Ding, J., Wang, X., & Cheung, H. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13546 · Cited by 28
Tunçdemir, T. B. A., Burroughs, M. D., & Moore, G. A. (2022) · International journal of child care and education policy/International journal of child care and education · doi:10.1186/s40723-022-00098-w · Cited by 27
Ding, X. P., Teo, S. L. Y., & Tay, C. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104990 · Cited by 24
Self-citationThe Role of Cognition in Dishonest Behavior
Muñoz-García, A. R., de Liaño, B. G.-G., & Pascual‐Ezama, D. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13030394 · Cited by 22
Picture book reading improves children's learning understanding
Wang, Z., & Shao, Y. (2024) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12479 · Cited by 37
Designing and detecting lies by reasoning about other agents.
Oey, L. A., Schachner, A., & Vul, E. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001277 · Cited by 19
Perfect Prediction in normal form: Superrational thinking extended to non-symmetric games
Fourny, G. (2020) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2020.102332 · Cited by 18
Folk personality psychology: mindreading and mindshaping in trait attribution
Westra, E. (2020) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-020-02566-7 · Cited by 21
The effects of reading narrative fiction on social and moral cognition
Wimmer, L., Currie, G., Friend, S., & Ferguson, H. J. (2021) · Scientific Study of Literature · doi:10.1075/ssol.21010.wim · Cited by 16
Jakubowska, J., & Białecka‐Pikul, M. (2019) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12404 · Cited by 17
Zhao, C., Shang, S., Compton, A. M., Fu, G., & Sai, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.766891 · Cited by 22
Self-citationMa, W., Sai, L., Tay, C., Du, Y., Jiang, J., & Ding, X. P. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04018-9 · Cited by 15
Self-citationYoung children's lying and early mental state understanding
Sai, L., Zhao, C., Heyman, G. D., Compton, B. J., & Fu, G. (2020) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2197 · Cited by 14
Self-citationBilingualism Enhances Reported Perspective Taking in Men, but Not in Women
Tarighat, S., & Krott, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.679524 · Cited by 13
An assessment of when moral stories promote children’s honesty
Ding, X. P., Cheng, J. K. T., Cheng, Q., & Heyman, G. D. (2023) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2023.2195182 · Cited by 17
Self-citationAnalogical Comparison Promotes Theory‐of‐Mind Development
Hoyos, C., Horton, W. S., Simms, N. K., & Dedre Gentner, C. (2020) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12891 · Cited by 15
Children’s cost–benefit assessment of lies across three cultures
Guo, C. X., & Rochat, P. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105355 · Cited by 17
Alon, N., Schulz, L., Rosenschein, J. S., & Dayan, P. (2023) · Open Mind · doi:10.1162/opmi_a_00097 · Cited by 11
The influence of an older sibling on preschoolers’ lie‐telling behavior
Nagar, P. M., Williams, S., & Talwar, V. (2019) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12367 · Cited by 10
Designing good deception: Recursive theory of mind in lying and lie detectionPreprint
Oey, L. A., Schachner, A., & Vul, E. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/5s4wc · Cited by 10
Theory of Mind and Concealing vs. Forthcoming Communication in Adolescence
Lavoie, J., & Talwar, V. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.866964 · Cited by 9
Messaging about descriptive and injunctive norms can promote honesty in young children
Liu, X., Zhao, C., Zhang, X., Compton, B. J., Sai, L., & Heyman, G. D. (2022) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13830 · Cited by 9
Klafka, M., & Liszkowski, U. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105125 · Cited by 9
Heyman, G. D., Zhao, L., Compton, B. J., & Lee, K. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815857-9.00002-9 · Cited by 9
Self-citationYoung children’s willingness to deceive shows in-group bias only in specific social contexts
Cerda, C. D. L., & Warnell, K. R. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104906 · Cited by 8
Wang, Y., Hong, S., Pei, M., Wang, X., & Su, Y. (2021) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12549 · Cited by 8
Self-citationValidation of the Tunisian Social Situation Instrument in the General Pediatric Population
Rajhi, O., Halayem, S., Ghazzai, M., Taamallah, A., Moussa, M., Abbes, Z. S., Hajri, M., Yahia, H. B., Touati, M., Fakhfakh, R., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.557173 · Cited by 9
Culture and Deception: The Influence of Language and Societies on Lying
Griffin, D. J., & Bender, C. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96334-1_4 · Cited by 12
Reputation and prosocial lies in development
Guo, C. X., & Rochat, P. (2023) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12711 · Cited by 7
Seucan, D. T., Szekely‐Copîndean, R. D., Ding, X. P., & Visu‐Petra, L. (2022) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103714 · Cited by 9
Self-citationWhen a Robot Tells You That It Can Lie
Rogers, K., & Howard, A. (2022) · IEEE Workshop on Advanced Robotics and its Social Impacts (ARSO) · doi:10.1109/arso54254.2022.9802976 · Cited by 6
Valcke, A., & Nilsen, E. S. (2022) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2022.2119976 · Cited by 6
Hutchins, T. L. (2022) · Seminars in Speech and Language · doi:10.1055/s-0042-1750350 · Cited by 5
Parental warmth moderates the relation between children’s lying and theory-of-mind
Ding, X. P., Tay, C., Goh, S. J., & Hong, R. Y. S. (2023) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/01650254231175835 · Cited by 9
Self-citationKabha, L., & Berger, A. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105697 · Cited by 6
Looks Can Permit Deceiving: How Reward or Punishment Decisions are Influenced by Robot Embodiment
Rogers, K., & Howard, A. (2021) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3434074.3447128 · Cited by 5
The longitudinal (in)stability and cognitive underpinnings of children’s cheating behavior
Yu, L., Tay, C., Toh, S. E., Wee, J. N., Yu, Y., & Ding, X. P. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2025.106222 · Cited by 4
Self-citationHan, S., & Yoo, D. (2024) · Korean Journal of Child Studies · doi:10.5723/kjcs.2024.45.1.1 · Cited by 4
Pre-and post-theory of mind and deception: Commentary on Walczyk and Fargerson (2019)
Moldovan, M., Seucan, D. T., & Visu‐Petra, L. (2019) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2019.100754 · Cited by 4
Buttelmann, D., Kühn, K., & Zmyj, N. (2021) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2021.1987240 · Cited by 4
Meningkatkan Jujur Anak melalui Permainan Rakyat Congklak
Alvi, R. R., Zalfa, G., Ayub, D., Maria, I., Perdani, U., & Anggoro, A. (2022) · Jurnal Obsesi Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini · doi:10.31004/obsesi.v6i5.2973 · Cited by 4
The role of theory of mind, executive function and language on children's lying behaviour
Babu, N., Khurana, R., & Lochan, A. (2023) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2023.2244736 · Cited by 4
Visu‐Petra, L., Prodan, N., & Talwar, V. (2022) · doi:10.1002/9781119679028.ch36 · Cited by 4
Wang, Z., & Wang, L.-M. (2021) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025420988594 · Cited by 3
Performance Validity Assessment in Pediatric Evaluations
Clegg, R. A., Lynch, J. K., Mian, M. N., & McCaffrey, R. J. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54656-4_9 · Cited by 3
Theory of Mind in Children Who Are Deaf: The Importance of Early Language and Conversational Access
Peters, K. A., & Pisoni, D. B. (2023) · Logic, argumentation & reasoning · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-46742-4_8 · Cited by 3
Advanced theory of mind and children’s prosocial lie-telling in middle childhood: A training study
Gao, Q., Chen, P., Huang, Q., & Wang, Z. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2024.106012 · Cited by 3
Preschoolers' deception related to prefrontal cortex activation: An fNIRS study
Dai, M., Gao, Y., Hu, X., Fu, G., Hu, Z., & Sai, L. (2024) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120795 · Cited by 5
Self-citationMuñoz, J., Lorenzi, M. D., Montoya-Rodríguez, M. M., Baquero, L. A. Q., Rendón, M. I., Franco, V. A. D. S., Llerena, C. T., & Vallega, M. M. V. (2022) · Ciencias Psicológicas · doi:10.22235/cp.v16i1.2444 · Cited by 3
Creativity and morality in deception
Henderson, S. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85667-6.00015-3 · Cited by 3
An experimental investigation of association between children’s lying and behavior problems
Liu, X., Shang, S., Zanette, S., Zhang, Y., Sun, Q., & Sai, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.982012 · Cited by 6
Desarrollo moral: Tres comprensiones
Puerto, M. S. C. (2020) · Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología · doi:10.33881/2027-1786.rip.13109 · Cited by 4
Stucke, N. J., & Doebel, S. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/s59ev · Cited by 3
The Impact of Age on Children's Selective Trust in Misleading Social Robots
Li, J., Pang, Y., & Jia, Q. (2024) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-61932-8_42 · Cited by 2
Yu, L., Dai, M., Huang, P., Broekman, B. F. P., Meaney, M. J., Chong, Y. S., Fortier, M. V., Setoh, P., Tiemeier, H. W., Tan, A. P., et al. (2025) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101613 · Cited by 2
Self-citationChildren's distributive justice in group context
Danying, J., Yunmei, Y., & Jing, L. I. (2022) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2022.02004 · Cited by 2
O’Connell, F., Cherryman, J., & Warmelink, L. (2019) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3612 · Cited by 2
Point Based Solution Method for Communicative IPOMDPs
Adhikari, S., & Gmytrasiewicz, P. J. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82254-5_15 · Cited by 2
Telling Friend from Foe - Towards a Bayesian Approach to Sincerity and Deception.
Adhikari, S., & Gmytrasiewicz, P. J. (2021) · Cited by 2
ALGUMAS VERDADES SOBRE A MENTIRA
Rodrigues, H. T. (2016) · polemica · doi:10.12957/polemica.2016.21335 · Cited by 2
Acquiring Epistemic Modal Auxiliaries: the Role of Theory of Mind
Mulder, H. N. M. D., & Gautero-Watzema, A. (2018) · Research in Language · doi:10.2478/rela-2018-0004 · Cited by 2
Yang, B. (2023) · International Journal of Linguistics Literature & Translation · doi:10.32996/ijllt.2023.6.12.13 · Cited by 3
Sağel-Çetiner, E., Irmak, T. Y., & Yavuz, B. A. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105839 · Cited by 2
What motivates early lies? Deception in 2½- to 5-year-olds
Guo, C. X., & Rochat, P. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2024.106079 · Cited by 1
Cai, G., Zanette, S., Zhao, W., Zhang, J., Zhang, X., Ma, W., & Sai, L. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2025.106279 · Cited by 1
Inter- and intra-individual flexibility in honesty default tendencies in children and adolescents
Dai, M., Zhu, S., Sun, Z., Fu, G., Sai, L., & Heyman, G. D. (2025) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2025.101921 · Cited by 1
Self-citationVera, I. Z. G., Lievore, R., & Mammarella, I. C. (2026) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-026-04791-1 · Cited by 1
Smithson, M. J. (2026) · doi:10.1093/9780198960614.001.0001 · Cited by 1
The long view: Lie-telling trajectories, ages 6 to 19 years
Talwar, V., Crossman, A. M., Robinson, K., Geoffroy, M., Côté, S. M., Tremblay, R. E., & Vitaro, F. (2026) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579426101515 · Cited by 1
Yeo, T., & Kim, M.-S. (2020) · Asian Journal of Education · doi:10.15753/aje.2020.03.21.1.21 · Cited by 1
Oh, S. C., & Park, J. H. (2020) · Korean Journal of Child Studies · doi:10.5723/kjcs.2020.41.6.81 · Cited by 1
Lie Detection and Blindness: Research in Pandemic Times
Sak-Wernicka, J. (2021) · Roczniki Humanistyczne · doi:10.18290/rh21696s-9 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Ding, X. P., Wellman, H. M., Wang, Y., Fu, G., & Lee, K.
- Affiliations
- Zhejiang Normal University (CN)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Hangzhou Normal University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Kang
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-10-02
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1812-1821
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- PMC
- PMC4636928
- OpenAlex
- W2175496002
- Cited by
- 148
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 23.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R37HD022149, HD047290, R01HD047290, R01HD046526, HD022149, R01HD022149)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Deception detection and forensic psychology
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Keywords
- theory of mind, lying, deception, social competence, early childhood, honesty, three-year-old children
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child, Preschool, China, Female, Humans, Deception, Male, Social Behavior, Theory of Mind
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
