The DOI matches its Crossref record; 92 of the 93 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 42 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk
Open accessAbstract
To date, child sexual abuse (CSA) prevention has relied largely on child-focused education, teaching children how to identify, avoid, and disclose sexual abuse. The purpose of this article is to explore how prevention opportunities can include parents in new and innovative ways. We propose that parents can play a significant role as protectors of their children via two pathways: (i) directly, through the strong external barriers afforded by parent supervision, monitoring, and involvement; and (ii) indirectly, by promoting their children's self-efficacy, competence, well-being, and self-esteem, which the balance of evidence suggests will help them become less likely targets for abuse and more able to respond appropriately and disclose abuse if it occurs. In this article, we first describe why teaching young children about CSA protective behaviors might not be sufficient for prevention. We then narratively review the existing research on parents and prevention and the parenting and family circumstances that may increase a child's risk of experiencing sexual abuse. Finally, we make a number of recommendations for future approaches to prevention that may better inform and involve parents and other adult protectors in preventing CSA.
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Claims the paper makes
18 Own interpretation · 10 No full text of the sources · 8 No basis given · 5 Partly supported · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Sources not found · 1 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“some children may experience fear, anxiety and confusion about touches after a prevention program”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Towards a Diversified Approach to CSA Prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Topping & Barron, 2009 source
- Partly supportedcites Walsh et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Harm section reports that a small proportion of children experienced mild, short-term anxiety or fear after participating in a programme. It does not report confusion about touches, and the meta-analysis found no overall increase in anxiety or fear. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zwi et al., 2008 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“research on health behavior modification suggests that behavior can change through increases in knowledge (Sanders et al., 2000;Wakefield et al., 2010).”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Parenting and Child Sexual Abuse 21
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sanders et al., 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Wakefield et al., 2010 source
In “Direct and indirect methods to affect behaviour change” (page unavailable), the review explains that campaign messages can affect decisions by conveying risks and benefits of a behaviour. In “Nutrition, activity, and prevention of heart disease” (page unavailable), it reports that nutritional information at the point of purchase increased the likelihood of healthy food choices. Together, these support the qualified claim that behaviour can change through increased knowledge. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“parents use a variety of protective practices (e.g., supervision, monitoring and involvement) to create the external barriers that may keep their children safe from CSA, of which direct discussions of abuse prevention in the home are only a small part.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Parent-child discussion of CSA concepts as prevention.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Babatsikos & Miles, 2015 source
- Partly supportedcites Collins, 1996 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “What Protective Strategies Do Parents Employ?” (p. 6), the paper describes supervision, relationships, questioning, and monitoring child care alongside abuse-prevention education. It does not establish that direct discussions were only a small part of parents’ practices: Table 2 (p. 6) lists education for 22 parents (92%), and the discussion on p. 7 says nearly all had talked with their children about safety. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“research suggests that such campaigns can enact behavior change (Sanders, Montgomery, & Brechman-Toussaint, 2000;Wakefield, Loken, & Hornik, 2010).”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Parenting and Child Sexual Abuse 21
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sanders, Montgomery, & Brechman-Toussaint, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Wakefield, Loken, & Hornik, 2010 source
The Conclusions state that mass media campaigns can produce changes in health-related behaviour and that the accumulated evidence supports this conclusion. The citing sentence’s cautious wording is consistent with that finding. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Programs that focus on enhancing these parenting skills have been found to be efficacious for improving positive parent-child interactions, child well-being, and a range of other outcomes among families (e.g., Triple P-Positive Parenting Program (PPP) : Prinz, Sanders, Shapiro, Whitaker, & Lutzker, 2009. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) : Chaffin et al., 2004. Circle of Security: Mercer, 20”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Recommendations and Implications
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Prinz, Sanders, Shapiro, Whitaker, & Lutzker, 2009 source
The Method section identifies Triple P as a program that teaches positive-parenting skills, including parent–child relationship enhancement. The paper also reports that evaluations of Triple P found positive effects on child behavior, parenting practices, and parents’ adjustment, supporting its use as an example of an efficacious parenting program. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Chaffin et al., 2004 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mercer, 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“teaching young children about CSA protective behaviors might not be sufficient for prevention.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“child sexual abuse (CSA) prevention has relied largely on child-focused education, teaching children how to identify, avoid and disclose sexual abuse.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“directly, through the strong external barriers afforded by parent supervision, monitoring and involvement”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“and some success has been reported with CSA media campaigns (Chasan-Taber & Tabachnick, 1999;Rheingold et al., 2007).”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Parenting and Child Sexual Abuse 21
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The outcomes of these programs have not yet been directly linked with preventing CSA,”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Recommendations and Implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 17
- Probably not a substantial claim. 5
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Significantly, PPP and PCIT have both been shown to be effective in the reduction of physical abuse and neglect (Chaffin et al., 2004;Prinz et al., 2009),”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Recommendations and Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Chaffin et al., 2004 source
- Partly supportedcites Prinz et al., 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Population Outcomes; page unavailable) report that Triple P counties had significantly better outcomes than control counties on substantiated child maltreatment, out-of-home placements, and maltreatment injuries. The paper does not report separate reductions in physical abuse and neglect. PCIT is paired with a separate citation in the citing sentence, so its effectiveness is not attributed to Prinz et al. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“indirectly, by promoting their children's self-efficacy, competence, well-being and self-esteem”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there are three limitations to this prevention approach: i) the effectiveness of information in helping children avoid abuse, ii) the capacity of children to understand and enact prevention strategies and iii) the unintended outcomes for children of CSA education.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Towards a Diversified Approach to CSA Prevention
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Research on family demographic status, parenting practices, and offspring CSA exposure has identified certain contextual features and parents' behaviors (e.g., drug and alcohol abuse, parental absence, physical or mental ill health, criminality, divorce/separation, conflict and step-families) and parenting practices (e.g., low parental warmth, insecure attachment, communication difficulties, harsh”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Summary.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which, due to the link between the incidence of sexual abuse and other forms of child maltreatment, suggests that these parenting programs may also result in a reduction in CSA.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Recommendations and Implications
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Sexual abuse is linked to other forms of child maltreatment.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to what is known about risk factors, it can be inferred that parents who display improvements in parenting practices such as communication, involvement and monitoring may decrease their child's CSA risk, but this is yet to be directly demonstrated.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Parenting and Child Sexual Abuse 21
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Despite some acknowledgement in the CSA prevention field that parental protection goes beyond parent-child discussion of sexual abuse, to include parenting styles and practices, this notion is not yet reflected in most prevention research or initiatives (Mendelson & Letourneau 2015;Smallbone et al., 2008;Wurtele, 2009).”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Recommendations and Implications
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most practitioners and researchers agree that the over-reliance on childfocused interventions to date has restricted the potential effectiveness of CSA prevention.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however, research into the effectiveness of this approach is lacking.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Second, an extensive body of literature has identified parenting practices as central to child outcomes (see Mendelson & Letourneau, 2015) suggesting that involved, caring and communicative parenting, and strong familial relationships, can improve children's well-being and confidence, which may make them less likely targets for CSA (Elliot et al., 1995;Finkelhor, 1984).”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Recommendations and Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mendelson & Letourneau, 2015 source
- Not matchedcites Elliot et al., 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Finkelhor, 1984
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With this in mind, working with parents in preventing CSA perpetrated by non-caregivers and assisting mothers to reduce the risks presented by non-biological care-givers, could assist in the prevention of a substantial majority of CSA incidents.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > A caveat regarding parents as protectors.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although advocated from the inception of sexual abuse prevention, the involvement of parents has not been fully realized.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Finkelhor (1984) identified four pre-conditions that must be present for CSA to occur.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Opportunities for a Diversified Approach to Prevention
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Finkelhor (1984)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“However, CSA surviving mothers have been found to use more physical punishment and have low views of themselves as parents (Banyard, 1997) and experience certain parenting and relationship difficulties (Roberts et al., 2004) even when controlling for other adverse childhood experiences,”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Family characteristics and parenting experienced by CSA survivors.
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Education for young children about CSA and protective behaviors is based on the assumptions that children are able to: (a) identify the nuances of an abusive or exploitative encounter, touch, relationship, or situation; (b) psychologically counter the manipulations or threats of an abuser; (c) challenge the authority of an adult;”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ii) indirectly, by promoting their child's competence, well-being and self-esteem which may make them less likely targets for abuse and more able to respond appropriately to abuse and disclose when it occurs.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Summary.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“trust is a public good, a crucial ingredient in human social interaction and an essential basis for the development of tolerance, fairness and other-oriented care and acceptance”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Towards a Diversified Approach to CSA Prevention
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a compelling study comparing four groups of mothers and their children (non-sexually abused mothers with non-sexually abused children, non-sexually abused mothers with sexually abused children, sexually abused mothers with non-sexually abused children and sexually abused mothers with sexually abused children), negative parenting practices were linked to CSA, but sexual abuse history per se did”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Family characteristics and parenting experienced by CSA survivors.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Leifer et al., 2004 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although certain familial features and parental circumstances are significant risk factors for CSA, parenting practices may be the most effective target of intervention efforts for several reasons.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Recommendations and Implications
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The family and parenting factors associated with CSA risk are modifiable through parent-focused interventions.
“Knowledge of these risk factors can guide and inform the development of parent-focused CSA prevention education programs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Sexual abuse is linked to other forms of child maltreatment.
“which, due to the link between the incidence of sexual abuse and other forms of child maltreatment, suggests that these parenting programs may also result in a reduction in CSA.”
Citations
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Ulum, A. P. D. Ö. G. (2026) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100639 · Cited by 1
Risk and Protective Factors for Child Sexual Abuse: A Comparison of 2013 and 2022
Hautamäki, S., Laajasalo, T., Ellonen, N., Mielityinen, L., & Lahtinen, H.-M. (2026) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2026.2615991 · Cited by 1
“Furthermore, knowledge of the risk factors for CSA is necessary for developing interventions or preventive actions that aim to reduce the risk of abuse (Letourneau et al., 2017; Rudolph et al., 2018).”
Russell, D. H., & Higgins, D. J. (2026) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380251408373 · Cited by 5
Child Sex Tourism Recruitment Techniques
Bah, Y. M., & Artaria, M. D. (2020) · Journal of Educational Health and Community Psychology · doi:10.12928/jehcp.v9i4.17802 · Cited by 1
Muslu, L., Kolutek, R., & Alkaya, A. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211043589 · Cited by 1
“, parents’ bedtime or other intimate tasks), warning signs (an adult choosing one, special interest), privileges, gifts or childcare) and identities of potential perpetrators (including spouses, older children/adolescents and step-siblings; Rudolph et al., 2018).”
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“For example, the expectations of parents include being breadwinners (Pinho et al., 2021), and protectors of the family (Rudolph et al., 2017) are common.”
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“Supporting our study, Rudolph et al. (2018) emphasized that fostering children’s self-efficacy, competence, well-being, and self-esteem can lower their risk of abuse and strengthen their capacity to respond effectively and report abuse when necessary [28].”
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“22 Effective communication is a key protective factor against CSA, 61 enabling parents to identify risks, set boundaries, monitor activities, and address concerns, thus strengthening prevention efforts.”
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“By teaching adults how to recognise and report CSA, programmes and interventions can address two preconditions identified by Finkelhor (1984) - opportunity, and a child not knowing how to handle a situation if it occurs - that are required for CSA to happen (Rudolph et al., 2018).”
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“Provided the positive impact that evidence-based home visiting programs have demonstrated in the prevention of physical abuse and neglect, several calls have been made for the inclusion of CSA prevention content to be incorporated into home visiting models (6, 17).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Rudolph, J., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Shanley, D. C., & Hawkins, R.
- Affiliations
- Griffith University (AU)
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- James Cook University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Rudolph, Julia
- Venue
- Child Maltreatment
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-09-18
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 96-106
- ISSN
- 1077-5595 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-6119
- OpenAlex
- W2755158923
- Semantic Scholar
- d08a0f44642e191eb3d6cd1404334440d2e4054e
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 9.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Child Maltreatment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (University of Greenwich) (acceptedVersion)
- ResearchOnline - JCU (James Cook University) (submittedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Australian Research Council (LP13010030)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Military, Security, and Education Studies
- Keywords
- child sexual abuse prevention, parental involvement, parenting, child self-efficacy, child well-being, children's self-esteem, child disclosure, family situation, protective behavior
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Child, Child Abuse, Child Abuse, Sexual, Education, Nonprofessional, Female, Health Education, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Parenting
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