The DOI matches its Crossref record; 92 of the 93 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 42 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk
Open accessAbstract
To date, child sexual abuse (CSA) prevention has relied largely on child-focused education, teaching children how to identify, avoid, and disclose sexual abuse. The purpose of this article is to explore how prevention opportunities can include parents in new and innovative ways. We propose that parents can play a significant role as protectors of their children via two pathways: (i) directly, through the strong external barriers afforded by parent supervision, monitoring, and involvement; and (ii) indirectly, by promoting their children's self-efficacy, competence, well-being, and self-esteem, which the balance of evidence suggests will help them become less likely targets for abuse and more able to respond appropriately and disclose abuse if it occurs. In this article, we first describe why teaching young children about CSA protective behaviors might not be sufficient for prevention. We then narratively review the existing research on parents and prevention and the parenting and family circumstances that may increase a child's risk of experiencing sexual abuse. Finally, we make a number of recommendations for future approaches to prevention that may better inform and involve parents and other adult protectors in preventing CSA.
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Claims the paper makes
18 Own interpretation · 10 No full text of the sources · 8 No basis given · 5 Partly supported · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Sources not found · 1 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“some children may experience fear, anxiety and confusion about touches after a prevention program”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Towards a Diversified Approach to CSA Prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Topping & Barron, 2009 source
- Partly supportedcites Walsh et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Harm section reports that a small proportion of children experienced mild, short-term anxiety or fear after participating in a programme. It does not report confusion about touches, and the meta-analysis found no overall increase in anxiety or fear. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zwi et al., 2008 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“research on health behavior modification suggests that behavior can change through increases in knowledge (Sanders et al., 2000;Wakefield et al., 2010).”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Parenting and Child Sexual Abuse 21
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sanders et al., 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Wakefield et al., 2010 source
In “Direct and indirect methods to affect behaviour change” (page unavailable), the review explains that campaign messages can affect decisions by conveying risks and benefits of a behaviour. In “Nutrition, activity, and prevention of heart disease” (page unavailable), it reports that nutritional information at the point of purchase increased the likelihood of healthy food choices. Together, these support the qualified claim that behaviour can change through increased knowledge. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“parents use a variety of protective practices (e.g., supervision, monitoring and involvement) to create the external barriers that may keep their children safe from CSA, of which direct discussions of abuse prevention in the home are only a small part.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Parent-child discussion of CSA concepts as prevention.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Babatsikos & Miles, 2015 source
- Partly supportedcites Collins, 1996 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “What Protective Strategies Do Parents Employ?” (p. 6), the paper describes supervision, relationships, questioning, and monitoring child care alongside abuse-prevention education. It does not establish that direct discussions were only a small part of parents’ practices: Table 2 (p. 6) lists education for 22 parents (92%), and the discussion on p. 7 says nearly all had talked with their children about safety. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“research suggests that such campaigns can enact behavior change (Sanders, Montgomery, & Brechman-Toussaint, 2000;Wakefield, Loken, & Hornik, 2010).”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Parenting and Child Sexual Abuse 21
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sanders, Montgomery, & Brechman-Toussaint, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Wakefield, Loken, & Hornik, 2010 source
The Conclusions state that mass media campaigns can produce changes in health-related behaviour and that the accumulated evidence supports this conclusion. The citing sentence’s cautious wording is consistent with that finding. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Programs that focus on enhancing these parenting skills have been found to be efficacious for improving positive parent-child interactions, child well-being, and a range of other outcomes among families (e.g., Triple P-Positive Parenting Program (PPP) : Prinz, Sanders, Shapiro, Whitaker, & Lutzker, 2009. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) : Chaffin et al., 2004. Circle of Security: Mercer, 20”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Recommendations and Implications
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Prinz, Sanders, Shapiro, Whitaker, & Lutzker, 2009 source
The Method section identifies Triple P as a program that teaches positive-parenting skills, including parent–child relationship enhancement. The paper also reports that evaluations of Triple P found positive effects on child behavior, parenting practices, and parents’ adjustment, supporting its use as an example of an efficacious parenting program. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Chaffin et al., 2004 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mercer, 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“teaching young children about CSA protective behaviors might not be sufficient for prevention.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“child sexual abuse (CSA) prevention has relied largely on child-focused education, teaching children how to identify, avoid and disclose sexual abuse.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“directly, through the strong external barriers afforded by parent supervision, monitoring and involvement”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“and some success has been reported with CSA media campaigns (Chasan-Taber & Tabachnick, 1999;Rheingold et al., 2007).”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Parenting and Child Sexual Abuse 21
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The outcomes of these programs have not yet been directly linked with preventing CSA,”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Recommendations and Implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“When considering male caregivers, the incidence of sexual abuse by biological fathers has been reported to be between 2% and 13%,”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > A caveat regarding parents as protectors.
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite mounting evidence of the role of parenting in CSA risk, its inclusion in prevention is scarce.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A large proportion of parents could be reached through mass media campaigns and public service announcements.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Parenting and Child Sexual Abuse 21
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CSA education programs rest on assumptions about children that may limit their effectiveness at protecting children in abuse scenarios.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Regardless of mothers' CSA history, sexually abused children in this study had mothers who were experiencing emotional, psychological and relational difficulties that may have impacted on their parenting and exposed their children to CSA risk (Leifer et al., 2004).”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Family characteristics and parenting experienced by CSA survivors.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Leifer et al., 2004 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Kim, Trickett and Putnam (2010) nor Zuravin and Fontanella (1999) found evidence to support the hypothesis that maternal sexual abuse is a significant risk factor, when it was considered along with other childhood adversities, such as other forms of child maltreatment.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Family characteristics and parenting experienced by CSA survivors.
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CSA prevention education programs, regardless of whether they are aimed at children or parents, attempt to address only precondition four”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Opportunities for a Diversified Approach to Prevention
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“targeting parenting practices such as supervision/ monitoring and involvement could have a crucial impact on CSA risk (Mendelson & Letourneau, 2015).”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Recommendations and Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mendelson & Letourneau, 2015 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“however reported rates of abuse by stepfathers and mothers' partners is much higher, between 20 and 30% (Sariola & Uutela, 1996;Wyatt, Loeb, Solis & Carmona, 1999;Finkelhor, Hotaling, Lewis & Smith, 1990; U.S Department of Health and Human Services, 2005;Russell, 1983;Ketring & Feinauer, 1999).”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > A caveat regarding parents as protectors.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites U.S Department of Health and Human Services, 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Russell, 1983
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ketring & Feinauer, 1999 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although information dissemination is not as effective as comprehensive training programs,”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Parenting and Child Sexual Abuse 21
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, there is a paucity of research exploring whether treatment for mothers' CSA reduces or otherwise impacts on the risks for their children.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Family characteristics and parenting experienced by CSA survivors.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“First, proactive and involved parenting with appropriate levels of monitoring can create safer environments in which there are fewer opportunities for children to be approached sexually, groomed or victimized (Leclerc et al., 2011;Smallbone et al., 2008).”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Recommendations and Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Leclerc et al., 2011 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Smallbone et al., 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The rates of sexual abuse by mothers or mother-figures is low (for example, 0.8%; Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2004).”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > A caveat regarding parents as protectors.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the reported associations between sexual abuse risk and abuse-surviving mothers, the picture of how, and indeed if, a mother's sexual abuse history may place children at risk of CSA is still very uncertain.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Family characteristics and parenting experienced by CSA survivors.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A secure and loving parent-child relationship may also increase the likelihood of disclosure.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Recommendations and Implications
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consideration of the literature to date suggests that parenting plays a crucial role in keeping children safe from victimization.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Recommendations and Implications
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Parents can play a crucial role as protectors of their children via two pathways: i) directly, by strengthening external barriers through parent supervision, monitoring, involvement and communication,”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Summary.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Parents utilize the media as a major source of their information about CSA (Elrod & Rubin, 1993)”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Parenting and Child Sexual Abuse 21
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Elrod & Rubin, 1993 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 17
- Probably not a substantial claim. 5
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Significantly, PPP and PCIT have both been shown to be effective in the reduction of physical abuse and neglect (Chaffin et al., 2004;Prinz et al., 2009),”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Recommendations and Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Chaffin et al., 2004 source
- Partly supportedcites Prinz et al., 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Population Outcomes; page unavailable) report that Triple P counties had significantly better outcomes than control counties on substantiated child maltreatment, out-of-home placements, and maltreatment injuries. The paper does not report separate reductions in physical abuse and neglect. PCIT is paired with a separate citation in the citing sentence, so its effectiveness is not attributed to Prinz et al. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“indirectly, by promoting their children's self-efficacy, competence, well-being and self-esteem”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there are three limitations to this prevention approach: i) the effectiveness of information in helping children avoid abuse, ii) the capacity of children to understand and enact prevention strategies and iii) the unintended outcomes for children of CSA education.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Towards a Diversified Approach to CSA Prevention
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Research on family demographic status, parenting practices, and offspring CSA exposure has identified certain contextual features and parents' behaviors (e.g., drug and alcohol abuse, parental absence, physical or mental ill health, criminality, divorce/separation, conflict and step-families) and parenting practices (e.g., low parental warmth, insecure attachment, communication difficulties, harsh”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Summary.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which, due to the link between the incidence of sexual abuse and other forms of child maltreatment, suggests that these parenting programs may also result in a reduction in CSA.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Recommendations and Implications
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Sexual abuse is linked to other forms of child maltreatment.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to what is known about risk factors, it can be inferred that parents who display improvements in parenting practices such as communication, involvement and monitoring may decrease their child's CSA risk, but this is yet to be directly demonstrated.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Parenting and Child Sexual Abuse 21
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Despite some acknowledgement in the CSA prevention field that parental protection goes beyond parent-child discussion of sexual abuse, to include parenting styles and practices, this notion is not yet reflected in most prevention research or initiatives (Mendelson & Letourneau 2015;Smallbone et al., 2008;Wurtele, 2009).”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Recommendations and Implications
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most practitioners and researchers agree that the over-reliance on childfocused interventions to date has restricted the potential effectiveness of CSA prevention.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however, research into the effectiveness of this approach is lacking.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Second, an extensive body of literature has identified parenting practices as central to child outcomes (see Mendelson & Letourneau, 2015) suggesting that involved, caring and communicative parenting, and strong familial relationships, can improve children's well-being and confidence, which may make them less likely targets for CSA (Elliot et al., 1995;Finkelhor, 1984).”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Recommendations and Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mendelson & Letourneau, 2015 source
- Not matchedcites Elliot et al., 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Finkelhor, 1984
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With this in mind, working with parents in preventing CSA perpetrated by non-caregivers and assisting mothers to reduce the risks presented by non-biological care-givers, could assist in the prevention of a substantial majority of CSA incidents.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > A caveat regarding parents as protectors.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although advocated from the inception of sexual abuse prevention, the involvement of parents has not been fully realized.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Finkelhor (1984) identified four pre-conditions that must be present for CSA to occur.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Opportunities for a Diversified Approach to Prevention
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Finkelhor (1984)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“However, CSA surviving mothers have been found to use more physical punishment and have low views of themselves as parents (Banyard, 1997) and experience certain parenting and relationship difficulties (Roberts et al., 2004) even when controlling for other adverse childhood experiences,”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Family characteristics and parenting experienced by CSA survivors.
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Education for young children about CSA and protective behaviors is based on the assumptions that children are able to: (a) identify the nuances of an abusive or exploitative encounter, touch, relationship, or situation; (b) psychologically counter the manipulations or threats of an abuser; (c) challenge the authority of an adult;”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ii) indirectly, by promoting their child's competence, well-being and self-esteem which may make them less likely targets for abuse and more able to respond appropriately to abuse and disclose when it occurs.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Summary.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“trust is a public good, a crucial ingredient in human social interaction and an essential basis for the development of tolerance, fairness and other-oriented care and acceptance”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Towards a Diversified Approach to CSA Prevention
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a compelling study comparing four groups of mothers and their children (non-sexually abused mothers with non-sexually abused children, non-sexually abused mothers with sexually abused children, sexually abused mothers with non-sexually abused children and sexually abused mothers with sexually abused children), negative parenting practices were linked to CSA, but sexual abuse history per se did”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Family characteristics and parenting experienced by CSA survivors.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Leifer et al., 2004 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although certain familial features and parental circumstances are significant risk factors for CSA, parenting practices may be the most effective target of intervention efforts for several reasons.”
§ Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Opportunities: Parenting, Programs, and the Reduction of Risk > Recommendations and Implications
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The family and parenting factors associated with CSA risk are modifiable through parent-focused interventions.
“Knowledge of these risk factors can guide and inform the development of parent-focused CSA prevention education programs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Sexual abuse is linked to other forms of child maltreatment.
“which, due to the link between the incidence of sexual abuse and other forms of child maltreatment, suggests that these parenting programs may also result in a reduction in CSA.”
Citations
Cites
Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach
Cohen, L. E., & Felson, M. (1979) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2094589 · Cited by 8,856
Use of mass media campaigns to change health behaviour
Wakefield, M. A., Loken, B., & Hornik, R. C. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60809-4 · Cited by 2,485
Finkelhor, D., Hotaling, G., Lewis, I. A., & Smith, C. (1990) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(90)90077-7 · Cited by 1,754
Interpersonal trust, trustworthiness, and gullibility.
Rotter, J. B. (1980) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.35.1.1 · Cited by 1,694
A meta-analytic examination of assumed properties of child sexual abuse using college samples.
Rind, B., Tromovitch, P., & Bauserman, R. L. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.1.22 · Cited by 982
Brown, J. F., Cohen, P. R., Johnson, J. G., & Salzinger, S. (1998) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(98)00087-8 · Cited by 834
Population-Based Prevention of Child Maltreatment: The U.S. Triple P System Population Trial
Prinz, R. J., Sanders, M. R., Shapiro, C. J., Whitaker, D. J., & Lutzker, J. R. (2009) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-009-0123-3 · Cited by 833
Chaffin, M., Silovsky, J. F., Funderburk, B., Valle, L. A., Brestan, E. V., Balachova, T., Jackson, S., Lensgraf, J., & Bonner, B. L. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.3.500 · Cited by 771 · cited 2×
“Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT): Chaffin et al., 2004.”
BackgroundFERGUSSON, D. M., LYNSKEY, M. T., & HORWOOD, L. J. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199610000-00023 · Cited by 483
Child sexual abuse prevention: What offenders tell us
Elliott, M., Browne, K. O., & Kilcoyne, J. (1995) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(95)00017-3 · Cited by 452
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Erikson E. H., 1963, Childhood and society
- Prescott D., Plummer C., Davis G. (2010). Recognition, response, and resolution: Historical responses to rape and child molestation. In Kaufman K. L. (Ed.), The prevention of sexual violence: A practitioner’s sourcebook (pp. 1–18). Holyoke, MA: New England Adolescent Research Institute.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Parents as protectors: A qualitative study of parents’ views on child sexual abuse prevention
Rudolph, J., & Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.08.016 · Cited by 84
Self-citationChild Sexual Abuse: The Need for a Perpetration Prevention Focus
Assini‐Meytin, L. C., Fix, R. L., & Letourneau, E. J. (2020) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2019.1703232 · Cited by 71
Overcrowded housing: One of a constellation of vulnerabilities for child sexual abuse
Cant, R. L., O’Donnell, M., Sims, S. A., & Harries, M. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.05.010 · Cited by 65
The problematization of child sexual abuse in policy and law: The Indonesian example
Wismayanti, Y. F., O’Leary, P., Tilbury, C., & Tjoe, Y. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105157 · Cited by 66
Parents as Teachers: Mothers’ Roles in Sexual Abuse Prevention Education in Gorgan, Iran
Khoori, E., Gholamfarkhani, S., Tatari, M., & Wurtele, S. K. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104695 · Cited by 47
Metadata
- Authors
- Rudolph, J., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Shanley, D. C., & Hawkins, R.
- Affiliations
- Griffith University (AU)
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- James Cook University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Rudolph, Julia
- Venue
- Child Maltreatment
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-09-18
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 96-106
- ISSN
- 1077-5595 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-6119
- OpenAlex
- W2755158923
- Semantic Scholar
- d08a0f44642e191eb3d6cd1404334440d2e4054e
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 9.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Child Maltreatment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (University of Greenwich) (acceptedVersion)
- ResearchOnline - JCU (James Cook University) (submittedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Australian Research Council (LP13010030)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Military, Security, and Education Studies
- Keywords
- child sexual abuse prevention, parental involvement, parenting, child self-efficacy, child well-being, children's self-esteem, child disclosure, family situation, protective behavior
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Child, Child Abuse, Child Abuse, Sexual, Education, Nonprofessional, Female, Health Education, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Parenting
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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