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Parenting stress and psychological functioning among mothers of preschool children with autism and developmental delay
Open accessAbstract
Parents of children with developmental disabilities, particularly autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), are at risk for high levels of distress. The factors contributing to this are unclear. This study investigated how child characteristics influence maternal parenting stress and psychological distress. Participants consisted of mothers and developmental-age matched preschool-aged children with ASD (N = 51) and developmental delay without autism (DD) ( N = 22). Evidence for higher levels of parenting stress and psychological distress was found in mothers in the ASD group compared to the DD group. Children's problem behavior was associated with increased parenting stress and psychological distress in mothers in the ASD and DD groups. This relationship was stronger in the DD group. Daily living skills were not related to parenting stress or psychological distress. Results suggest clinical services aiming to support parents should include a focus on reducing problem behaviors in children with developmental disabilities.
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“It has been widely demonstrated that raising a child with autism involves chronic challenges consistently associated with high levels of psychological distress [3,4,5,6].”
From The effect of acceptance and commitment therapy for improving psychological well‐being in parents of individuals with autism spectrum disorders: A randomized controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
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BackgroundRisk Factors in Families of Children with Developmental Disabilities
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Leblanc, L. A., Pearson, J. L., Pollard, J. S., & Unumb, L. S. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ma23n · Cited by 1
Conijn, T., de Roos, C., Vreugdenhil, H. J. I., van Dijk-Lokkart, A., Wijburg, F. A., & Haverman, L. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1676927/v1 · Cited by 1
Li, M., Kong, L., & Wang, C. (2026) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-026-07384-3
Trigeiro, J. F. (2013) · California State University ScholarWorks (system-wide DSpace)
Metadata
- Authors
- Estes, A., Munson, J., Dawson, G., Koehler, E., Zhou, X.-H., & Abbott, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- University of Washington, USA
- Corresponding author
- Estes, Annette
- Venue
- Autism
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-06-17
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 375-387
- ISSN
- 1362-3613 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7005
- PMC
- PMC2965631
- OpenAlex
- W2165770244
- Cited by
- 865
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 70 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 24.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Autism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P50HD055782, U19HD035482, U19HD34565, U19HD035468, U19HD035465)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- parental stress, maternal distress, autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay, preschool children, child behavior problems, daily living skills, mothers of children with developmental disabilities, parenting support
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Autistic Disorder, Child Behavior Disorders, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Mothers, Parent-Child Relations, Personality Inventory, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Psychological, Comorbidity, Parenting
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