Do early caregiver concerns differ for girls with autism spectrum disorders?
Open accessAbstract
Given that early caregiver concerns may be different for children who go on to receive a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder versus another developmental disability, early caregiver concerns may differ for girls. Using a community-based sample of children (n = 241), we examined the extent to which gender differences may be related to caregiver concerns prior to a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder or other developmental disability. Participants were matched on chronological age, and cognitive functioning did not differ across groups. Using caregiver concern data, results showed that boys with autism spectrum disorder showed increased social interaction concerns; overall, autism spectrum disorder–related concerns did not differentiate those with autism spectrum disorder from developmental disability. Children with developmental disability, however, showed increased general developmental concerns as compared to those with autism spectrum disorder. Young girls with autism spectrum disorder may demonstrate behaviors that are not particularly salient or concerning for parents; future research may investigate the behaviors that differentiate girls with autism spectrum disorder early in development.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Parental concerns are a barrier to diagnosis for females, mentioned in five papers.
“Five papers mentioned parental concerns as barriers to diagnosis for females (Duvekot et al. 2017; Little et al. 2017; Navot et al. 2017; Ramsey et al. 2018; Watson 2014).”
From Barriers to Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis for Young Women and Girls: a Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as Little et al. 2017
Parents of boys with ASD were more likely to express concerns about social interaction prior to diagnosis than parents of girls with ASD.
“Little et al.’s (2017) results indicated that parents of boys with ASD were more likely to express concerns about social interaction prior to diagnosis than parents of girls with ASD.”
From Barriers to Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis for Young Women and Girls: a Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as Little et al. 2017
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Christensen, D. L., Baio, J., Braun, K. V. N., Bilder, D., Charles, J., Constantino, J. N., Daniels, J., Durkin, M. S., Fitzgerald, R. T., Kurzius-Spencer, M., et al. (2016) · MMWR. Surveillance Summaries · doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6503a1 · Cited by 1,964 · see citing works
Sex/Gender Differences and Autism: Setting the Scene for Future Research
Lai, M.-C., Lombardo, M. V., Auyeung, B., Chakrabarti, B., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.10.003 · Cited by 1,120 · see citing works
Schopler, E., Reichler, R. J., DeVellis, R. F., & Daly, K. (1980) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t49458-000 · Cited by 859 · see citing works
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
Loomis, D. J., Holt, R. E., Kaufman, J. C., & Kaufman, A. S. (2010) · The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0486 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S., Lord, C., Rogers, S., Carter, A., Carver, L., Chawarska, K., Constantino, J., Dawson, G., Dobkins, K., et al. (2009) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-1606 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Begeer, S., Mandell, D., Wijnker-Holmes, B., Venderbosch, S., Rem, D., Stekelenburg, F., & Koot, H. M. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1656-z · Cited by 402 · see citing works
A Review of the Role of Female Gender in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Kirkovski, M., Enticott, P. G., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1811-1 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Autism Symptoms and Internalizing Psychopathology in Girls and Boys with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Solomon, M., Miller, M., Taylor, S. L., Hinshaw, S. P., & Carter, C. S. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1215-z · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Lord, C., Schopler, E., & Revicki, D. (1982) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01538320 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Parental Recognition of Developmental Problems in Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Chawarska, K., Paul, R., Klin, A., Hannigen, S., Dichtel, L. E., & Volkmar, F. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0330-8 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development
Aylward, G. P. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_1522 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Carter, A. S., Black, D. O., Tewani, S., Connolly, C. E., Kadlec, M. B., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0331-7 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test
Gray, S. A. O. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_237 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Sacrey, L.-A. R., Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S. E., Brian, J. A., Smith, I. M., Roberts, W., Szatmári, P., Roncadin, C., Garon, N., Novak, C., et al. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.03.014 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
How early do parent concerns predict later autism diagnosis?
Ozonoff, S., Young, G. S., Steinfeld, M. B., Hill, M. M., Cook, I., Hutman, T., Macari, S., Rogers, S. J., & Sigman, M. (2009) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e3181ba0fcf · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Very early signs of autism reported by parents include many concerns not specific to autism criteria
Guinchat, V., Chamak, B., Bonniau, B., Bodeau, N., Perisse, D., Cohen, D., & Danion, A. (2012) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2011.10.005 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Gender differences in symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorders in toddlers
Sipes, M., Matson, J. L., Worley, J. A., & Kozlowski, A. M. (2011) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2011.02.007 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Predictive and Concurrent Validity of Parent Concern About Young Children at Risk for Autism
Hess, C. R., & Landa, R. J. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1282-1 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
HVOLBÆK, H., & LIND, D. (1990) · Nordisk Psykologi · doi:10.1080/00291463.1990.10637017 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Addressing parental concerns at the initial diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder
de Alba, M. J. G., & Bodfish, J. W. (2010) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2010.07.009 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Jang, J., Matson, J. L., Cervantes, P. E., & Konst, M. J. (2014) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.04.003 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The relationship between gender and age of first concern in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders
Horovitz, M., Matson, J. L., Turygin, N. C., & Beighley, J. S. (2011) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2011.06.017 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Autism Diagnostic Interview, Revised
(2012) · SpringerReference · doi:10.1007/springerreference_184219 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sex differences in autism spectrum disorder: a review
Ferri, S. L., Abel, T., & Brodkin, E. S. (2018) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0874-2 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Barriers to Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis for Young Women and Girls: a Systematic Review
Lockwood Estrin, G., Milner, V., Spain, D., Happé, F., & Colvert, E. (2021) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-020-00225-8 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
What about the girls? Sex-based differences in autistic traits and adaptive skills
Ratto, A. B., Kenworthy, L., Yerys, B. E., Bascom, J., Wieckowski, A. T., White, S. W., Wallace, G. L., Pugliese, C., Schultz, R. T., Ollendick, T. H., et al. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3413-9 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Sex and gender impacts on the behavioural presentation and recognition of autism
Lai, M.-C., & Szatmari, P. (2020) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000575 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
The role of gender in the perception of autism symptom severity and future behavioral development
Geelhand, P., Bernard, P., Klein, O., van Tiel, B., & Kissine, M. (2019) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-019-0266-4 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
McVey, A. J., Schiltz, H. K., Haendel, A. D., Dolan, B. K., Willar, K. S., Pleiss, S. S., Karst, J. S., Carson, A. M., Caiozzo, C. N., Vogt, E. M., et al. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3121-5 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Prosperi, M., Turi, M., Guerrera, S., Napoli, E., Tancredi, R., Igliozzi, R., Apicella, F., Valeri, G., Lattarulo, C., Gemma, A., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2020.594082 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Harrop, C., Libsack, E. J., Bernier, R., Dapretto, M., Jack, A., McPartland, J. C., Horn, J. D. V., Webb, S. J., & Pelphrey, K. A. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2446 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Dillon, E. F., Kanne, S. M., Landa, R. J., Annett, R. D., Bernier, R., Bradley, C. C., Carpenter, L. A., Kim, S. H., Parish‐Morris, J., Schultz, R. T., et al. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05385-y · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Reelin cells and sex‐dependent synaptopathology in autism following postnatal immune activation
Ardalan, M., Chumak, T., Quist, A., Hermans, E. C., Rafati, A. H., Gravina, G., Shiadeh, S. M. J., Svedin, P., Alabaf, S., Hansen, B., et al. (2022) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.15859 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Brief Report: Sex Differences in Parental Concerns for Toddlers with Autism Risk
Ramsey, R. K., Nichols, L., Ludwig, N. N., Fein, D., Adamson, L. B., & Robins, D. L. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3583-0 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Clarke, E., Hull, L., Loomes, R., McCormick, C. E. B., Sheinkopf, S. J., & Mandy, W. (2021) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101844 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Parent concerns: Differentiating developmental diagnoses in young children
Wallisch, A. M., Little, L. M., Dean, E. E., & Dunn, W. (2020) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103684 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationEldeeb, S. Y., Ludwig, N. N., Wieckowski, A. T., Dieckhaus, M. F. S., Algur, Y., Ryan, V., Dufek, S., Stahmer, A. C., & Robins, D. L. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613231154728 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Niedźwiecka, A., & Pisula, E. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19053072 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Editorial: Sex Differences in the Autistic Brain
Braden, B. B., Wallace, G. L., Floris, D. L., & Pelphrey, K. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2021.708368 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Brief Report: Predicting Sex Differences and Diagnosis from Early Parent Concerns
Wallisch, A. M., Behrens, S., Salley, B. J., Jamison, R., & Boyd, B. A. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04866-w · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationMuraškaitė, I., & Žardeckaitė–Matulaitienė, K. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613241230128 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flourishing and Functional Difficulties among Autistic Youth: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Little, L. M., & Schwefel, L.-L. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11030325 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationGender Differences in the Timing of Identification among Children with Autism
Malhi, P., & SINGHI, P. D. (2023) · Journal of the Scientific Society · doi:10.4103/jss.jss_218_22 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Terner, M., & Golan, O. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-06753-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Exploring Autism Disparities Among Latina Girls
Moreira, D. N., & Angell, A. M. (2020) · UF Journal of Undergraduate Research · doi:10.32473/ufjur.v22i0.121794 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Alisultanova, A., & Qu, X. (2025) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/09518398.2025.2452634 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Parental experiences with an adolescent female and male with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in India
Bhullar, N. (2019) · Advances in Autism · doi:10.1108/aia-09-2018-0038 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Chau, T., Tiego, J., Brown, L. E., Mellahn, O. J., Johnson, B. P., & Bellgrove, M. A. (2024) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12259 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Exploring the Lack of Research About Autistic Women
Bennett, M., & Goodall, E. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80382-463-520221005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Little, L. M., & Wallisch, A. M. (2018) · Annals of International Occupational Therapy · doi:10.3928/24761222-20180212-03
Self-citationAutisme: een concept in beweging
Staal, W., Buruma, M., & Servatius-Oosterling, I. J. (2021) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-2665-5_2
Huerta, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_909-3
Huerta, M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_909
Altérations sexe-dépendantes de la nociception dans un modèle d’autisme induit par le valproate
Glaunec, L. R. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/3d445796ze7caz426ezaafaza54d2130e2a3
- Authors
- Little, L. M., Wallisch, A., Salley, B., & Jamison, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Kansas Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Little, Lauren M
- Venue
- Autism
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-08-18
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 728-732
- ISSN
- 1362-3613 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7005
- PMC
- PMC5532076
- OpenAlex
- W2512009198
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 1.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Autism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (L40 HD080678, U54HD090216, K99HD075886, R00HD075886)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, developmental disabilities, gender differences, caregiver concerns, parental concerns, girls, developmental difficulties, early diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Child, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Parents, Sex Factors, Social Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
