Collective case formulation in situations of violent radicalization: A critical perspective in training

It may state two separate claims as one.

Case formulation may contribute to building a culturally safe and welcoming environment for members of minority communities, or inadvertently integrate institutionalized blind spots of cultural majorities and reinforce stigmatization, social exclusion, or marginalization processes.

“Influenced by context and history, it may contribute to building a culturally safe and welcoming environment for members of minority communities, or inadvertently integrate the institutionalized blind spots of the cultural majorities and reinforce stigmatization, social exclusion, or marginalization processes (Kleinman & Benson, 2006).”

• cites Kleinman & Benson, 2006 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim.

Overall, different positionalities and forms of subjectivities were called out (interpellation) during the CoP discussions throughout the year.

“Overall, different positionalities and forms of subjectivities were called out (interpellation) during the CoP discussions throughout the year.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Two participants initiated their narrative by positioning their identities as two Muslim persons and invited the group to introduce more complexity by trying not to refer to the Muslim community in terms of "us" and "them."

“For instance, two participants initiated their narrative by positioning their identities, stating, “You know, we are two Muslims persons,” then invited the group to introduce more complexity in their reflection by saying:”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Participants reported that dealing with technology was difficult.

“In terms of challenges, participants reported that dealing with technology was difficult.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The second case took place in the middle of the first CoP year and included a case presentation connected to the terrorist event that occurred at a Quebec City Mosque in 2017.

“The second case took place in the middle of the first CoP year and included a case presentation connected to the terrorist event that occurred at a Quebec City Mosque in 2017 where six worshippers were killed and 19 injured.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The terrorist event at a Quebec City Mosque in 2017 resulted in six worshippers killed and 19 injured.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Other CoP participants challenged the implicit social discourse and created a sense of solidarity with the victims through a common interpellation by far-right terrorism.

“Other CoP participants further challenged this implicit social discourse and created a sense of solidarity with the victims through a common interpellation by far-right terrorism.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

This complexification included paying attention to the host society and its institutions and addressing the historical and societal basis of structural discrimination.

“This complexification included paying attention to the host society and its institutions, and addressing the historical and societal basis of structural discrimination.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Local teams' identities followed various temporal trajectories and were influenced by specific regional contexts.

“In terms of the development of group identities, the local teams’ identities followed various temporal trajectories and were influenced by specific regional contexts.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

The CoP format provides a lived experience of collectively sharing a sense of both reassurance and ethical responsibility through collectively reclaiming power as a group.

“Its format provides a lived experience of collectively sharing a sense of both reassurance and ethical responsibility through collectively reclaiming power as a group.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

After discussion and self-reflections about biases toward different communities, the group began to address blind spots of Quebec institutions, emphasizing lack of understanding of collective trauma, active denial and avoidance, and complex responsibilities associated with the Quebec City attack.

“After the discussion and self-reflections regarding biases toward different communities, the group began to address some of the blind spots of Quebec institutions. The lack of understanding of the collective trauma and its active denial and avoidance, along with the complex responsibilities associated with the Quebec City attack, were emphasized.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Some participants asked for the group to help them hold the risk.

“Some participants asked for the group to help them to hold the risk:”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Another participant added that the terrorist attack of Quebec City was difficult for all, not only for "them," and terrible for him personally as a clinician and human being.

“Another participant joined in, adding:This is true. We say: it's difficult for “them,” but in fact, it's difficult for all of us what happened. […] I feel the terrorist attack of Quebec City is terrible. It is so for me personally, as a clinician and as a human being.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

This CoP meeting was an important turning point in the group dynamic: it seemed to challenge the illusion of a totally safe group created at the beginning of the CoP meeting series, and participants started to claim their individuality or regional specificity.

“This CoP meeting was also an important turning point in the group dynamic: it seemed to challenge the illusion of a totally safe group, an impression created at the beginning of the CoP meeting series. Participants started to claim their individuality or regional specificity.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

The case on the Quebec City Mosque attack is exemplary in showing that diversity of knowledge is linked to diversity of perception and positionality.

“The case on the Quebec City Mosque attack is exemplary in showing that diversity of knowledge is linked to diversity of perception and positionality.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The first session was led by the Montreal team and was facilitated by a senior psychiatrist with implicit authority in the group.

“It is important to note that this first session was led by the Montreal team and was facilitated by a senior psychiatrist with implicit authority in the group.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Participants' expectations of CoP meetings included having access to support from the Montreal team and being taught about the lessons learned from previous clinical cases on radicalization.

“Besides receiving theoretical and clinical training on social polarization and violent radicalization, participants’ expectations of CoP meetings also included having access to support from the Montreal team and being taught about the lessons learned from previous clinical cases on radicalization.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Instead of calling him a murderer, participants used expressions such as the "accused person," or they called him by his name, "Alexandre."

“Instead, they used expressions such as the “accused person,” or they called him by his name, “Alexandre.””

It may state two separate claims as one.

The perceived impacts of the CoP meetings included enriching specific intervention plans and increasing the participants' trust and confidence in their work.

“Second, they enriched specific intervention plans and increased the participants’ trust and confidence in their work.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Gender diversity in the group was important to better understand processes of case formulation on situations involving gender issues, and religious and ethnocultural diversity was important to better understand situations related to the threat of the far right.

“For example, gender diversity in the group was important to better understand processes of case formulation on situations involving gender issues (e.g., masculinist groups), and religious and ethnocultural diversity was important to better understand situations related to the threat of the far right.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The perceived impacts of the CoP meetings included providing a complexified understanding of certain situations and shedding light on transcultural issues and on risk assessment.

“First, they provided a complexified understanding of certain situations and shed light on transcultural issues and on risk assessment.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In this session, wider social discourses strongly influenced the microenvironment of the CoP and weakened, to a certain extent, the "safe-enough space."

“In this session, the wider social discourses were strongly influencing the microenvironment of the CoP and weakening, to a certain extent, the “safe-enough space.””

It may state two separate claims as one.

During the CoP year, both a global CoP identity and local teams' identities were constituted, creating a group identity as well as a diversity of voices, concerns, and power dynamics.

“These processes of identity development have been observed during the CoP year during which both a global CoP identity as well as local teams’ identities have been constituted, creating a group identity as well as a diversity of voices, concerns, and power dynamics.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The partnership with security forces was underlined as challenging because of the delicate balance between establishing working alliances and maintaining strict confidentiality.

“The partnership with security forces was also underlined as challenging because of the delicate balance between establishing working alliances and maintaining strict confidentiality.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

At the time of this meeting, the perpetrator of the attack had not been legally recognized as a "terrorist," and the group discussion highlighted that some people did not seem comfortable calling the young man in question a "murderer."

“At the time of this meeting, the perpetrator of the attack had not been legally recognized as a “terrorist,” and the group discussion highlighted that some people did not seem comfortable calling the young man in question a “murderer.””

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: At the time of the meeting, the perpetrator of the attack had not been legally recognized as a “terrorist.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The group freely talked about their worries and about how they find it difficult to deal with risk.

“The group freely talked about their worries and about how they find it difficult to deal with risk.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The facilitator's symbolic function as the one who spoke first and set out the rules appeared as crucial for the first meeting and seemed to contribute to the development of a sense of holding for the group and somewhat of a form of protection from the outside world.

“The facilitator's symbolic function as the one who spoke first and set out the rules appeared as crucial for this first meeting. It seemed to contribute to the development of a sense of holding for the group and somewhat of a form of protection from the outside world.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

The facilitator used the strength of the group to reassure the participants and propose a collective way to assume the risk.

“The facilitator also used the strength of the group to reassure the participants and propose a collective way to assume the risk:”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In the meeting, one victim of the attack was considered as not performing his expected role of the "absolute victim" because he used compensation money to repair his house.

“For instance, one victim of the attack was considered as not performing his expected role of the “absolute victim” by using the compensation money to repair his house:”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Focus group findings indicate that participants reported a high sense of general satisfaction, stating that CoP meetings were an efficient training practice.

“Focus group findings indicate that participants reported a high sense of general satisfaction, stating that CoP meetings were an efficient training practice.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Participants found CoP meetings to be "nourishing," "interesting," "helping in motivation," and a "great source of support."

“Participants found them to be “nourishing,” “interesting,” “helping in motivation,” and a “great source of support.””

It may state two separate claims as one.

Some participants were reenacting the aggressors, while others were identifying with and embodying the targeted communities.

“Some participants were reenacting the aggressors, while others were identifying with and embodying the targeted communities.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The discussion started with a clear distinction between the Muslim Community and Quebecers, but then some Muslim and other non-white Quebecers showed the complexity of Quebecer identity through their own positionality.

“In other words, the discussion started with a clear distinction between the Muslim Community and the Quebecers, but then, some Muslim and other non-white Quebecers showed the complexity of the Quebecer identity with their own positionality.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Many participants mentioned that they did not know what to expect of these meetings but then gradually started to feel a sense of belonging to a community of professionals working in the field of social polarization and violent radicalization.

“Many participants mentioned that they did not know what to expect of these meetings but then gradually started to feel a sense of belonging to a community, that of professionals working in the field of social polarization and violent radicalization.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

During the meeting, some discourses raised the question of who can be identified as legitimate victims in certain social discourses.

“Some discourses heard during the meeting also raised the question as to whom can be identified as legitimate victims in certain social discourses.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

This session was an opportunity to observe the group in the face of a collective trauma and see how participants' identities can lead them to take different positions and therefore to be "called out" or "interpellated" differently, being more or less challenged by an ideology and by emotional and personal elements.

“This session was an opportunity to observe the group in the face of a collective trauma and see how participants’ identities can lead them to take different positions and therefore to be “called out” or “interpellated” differently, being more or less challenged by an ideology and by emotional and personal elements.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Most participants were new to this type of setting and were discovering the possibilities offered by such a group.

“Most of the participants were new to this type of setting and were discovering the possibilities offered by such a group.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

During the discussion of the first case, different discourses and regimes of truth were deployed, illustrating how risk is assessed differently by different protagonists and can be based on power dynamics, as well as relational and transference elements.

“During this discussion, different discourses and regimes of truth were deployed, illustrating how risk is assessed differently by different protagonists and can be based on power dynamics, as well as relational and transference elements.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Because CoP meetings were held through videoconferencing links among five sites, participants only had access to small screen images of the other teams, which greatly minimized non-verbal communication.

“Since CoP meetings were held through videoconferencing links among five sites, participants only had access to small screen images of the other teams which greatly minimized non-verbal communication.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The notion of violent radicalization has often been used to criminalize communities and, more broadly, dissent.

“This has also been the case for the notion of violent radicalization which has often been used to criminalize communities (Younis & Jadhav, 2020) and, more broadly, dissent (Toscano, 2009).”

• cites Younis & Jadhav, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Toscano, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

A case formulation goes beyond diagnosis and provides a more dynamic understanding of a clinical situation, weaving together complementary perspectives.

“a case formulation goes beyond diagnosis and provides a more dynamic understanding of a clinical situation, weaving together complementary perspectives.”

• cites Eells, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Case formulation has been a fundamental tool in teaching and practice from Hippocratic medicine to contemporary psychology and psychiatry.

“From Hippocratic medicine to contemporary psychology and psychiatry, case formulation has been a fundamental tool in teaching and practice (Eells, 2007).”

• cites Eells, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

The way clinicians weave information into a case formulation is not a neutral or innocuous process.

“The way in which clinicians weave this information into a case formulation is, however, not a neutral or innocuous process.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

There are many conflicting definitions of radicalization, violent radicalization, and terrorism.

“There are many conflicting definitions of radicalization, violent radicalization (Kundnani, 2012; Sedgwick, 2010), and terrorism (Shanahan, 2010).”

• cites Kundnani, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Sedgwick, 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Shanahan, 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In the clinical realm, defining these categories is complexified by the fact that they have been extensively involved in specific power relations and institutionalized othering processes.

“In the clinical realm, defining these categories is further complexified by the fact that they have been extensively involved in specific power relations and institutionalized othering processes (Ahmed, 2020; Hörnqvist & Flyghed, 2012; Wolff, 1969).”

• cites Ahmed, 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Hörnqvist & Flyghed, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Wolff, 1969 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

The position of the first two authors was presented to research participants as that of independent researchers, but most participants considered them as members of the Montreal clinical team, as induced by their presence in the videoconference room in the Montreal setting.

“The position of the first two authors was presented to research participants as that of independent researchers. Nevertheless, most of the participants considered them as members of the Montreal clinical team, as induced by their presence in the videoconference room in the Montreal setting.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The Social Polarization CoP tries to avoid harm by refusing to profile cultural minorities and to perform risk assessment based on fear and ideologies of exclusion.

“It also tries to avoid harm by refusing to profile cultural minorities and to perform risk assessment based on fear and ideologies of exclusion.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Ideology produces concrete effects by creating subjects with defined roles and positions through the discursive phenomenon of interpellation.

“Critical social scientists like Althusser (1995) explained how ideology produces concrete effects by creating subjects with defined roles and positions through the discursive phenomenon of interpellation.”

• cites Althusser, 1995Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim.

Situated knowledge highlights the importance of a diverse group to develop a broader inclusive case formulation.

“Situated knowledge highlights the importance of a diverse group to develop a broader inclusive case formulation.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The model proposed for the development of this CoP was inspired by the positive results documented on TIICDS.

“The model proposed for the development of this CoP was inspired by the positive results documented on a similar group-based training modality called Transcultural Interdisciplinary and Interinstitutional Case Discussion Seminars (TIICDS).”

• cites Daxhelet et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Johnson-Lafleur et al., 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Rousseau, Johnson-Lafleur, et al., 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

The lived experience of the CoP creates an opportunity for experiential critical learning by integrating multiple perspectives.

“The lived experience of the CoP thus creates an opportunity for experiential critical learning by integrating multiple perspectives.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Discourses are partial accounts of reality; in this case, the discourse highlighted the risk of an individual to harm but did not account for other affective, relational, and political elements.

“However, discourses are partial accounts of reality. In this case, the discourse highlighted the risk of an individual to harm but did not account for other affective, relational, and political elements.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

They work with referred individuals who are distressed or have mental health difficulties, in situations involving extremism and polarized groups, and often in a context with a high risk of violence.

“They work with referred individuals who are distressed or have mental health difficulties, in situations involving extremism and polarized groups, and often in a context with a high risk of violence.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Critical discourse analysis provides a method to gather insights on the ideological process at play during clinical group discussions aimed at formulating a case that will inform action.

“Critical discourse analysis provides a method to gather insights on the ideological process at play during clinical group discussions aimed at formulating a case that will inform action.”

• cites Parker, 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The impacts of TIICDS include enhanced clinical and intercultural skills, improved transference analysis capability, and prevention of professionals' burnout.

“The impacts of TIICDS notably include enhanced clinical and intercultural skills, improved transference analysis capability, and prevention of professionals’ burnout (Daxhelet et al., 2018; Johnson-Lafleur et al., 2021; Rousseau, Johnson-Lafleur, et al., 2020).”

• cites Daxhelet et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Johnson-Lafleur et al., 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Rousseau, Johnson-Lafleur, et al., 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Researchers obtained ethical approval from the Integrated Health and Social Services University Network for West-Central Montreal.

“Researchers obtained ethical approval from the Integrated Health and Social Services University Network for West-Central Montreal.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Analyzing discourses during case formulations of situations involving violent radicalization involves accounting for different types and layers of discourses and power dynamics present during group discussions.

“The task of analyzing discourses during case formulations of situations involving violent radicalization thus involves accounting for different types and layers of discourses and power dynamics present during group discussions.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

The collective sense of reality is born from dialogical conflicts between face-to-face recognition and othering and excluding discursive processes.

“The collective sense of reality is born from such dialogical conflicts between, on the one hand, face-to-face recognition, and, on the other hand, othering and excluding discursive processes.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Tools and scales for risk assessment provide important guidelines and expertise to professionals dealing with violence but fail to teach clinical judgment.

“Tools and scales for risk assessment provide important guidelines and expertise to professionals dealing with violence but fail to teach clinical judgment.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The study was conducted during the early stages of the Social Polarization CoP development.

“Another important limitation of this study is that it was conducted during the early stages of the Social Polarization CoP development.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Discussions in the CoP can reveal how racism, colonialism, and other social determinants shape understanding of situations due to differentiated positionalities, predicaments, and privileges.

“Discussions can reveal how racism, colonialism, and other social determinants shape our understanding of situations due to our differentiated positionalities, predicaments, and privileges.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In recent years, the term radicalization has become increasingly used as a synonym for political violence and terrorism.

“In recent years, the term radicalization has also become increasingly used as a synonym for political violence and terrorism (Bibeau, 2015).”

• cites Bibeau, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Collective case formulation helps to regulate affects and to create a more complex view of clinical situations, as illuminated by the different areas of practice and expertise represented by the entire CoP membership.

“Collective case formulation also helps to regulate affects and to create a more complex view of clinical situations, as illuminated by the different areas of practice and expertise represented by the entire CoP membership.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Analytical and reflective notes were first compiled individually and then discussed to reach a consensus.

“These notes were first compiled individually and then discussed to reach a consensus.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

These types of discussions contribute to counter social polarization by allowing a critical and open dialogue.

“However, these types of discussions contribute to counter social polarization by allowing a critical and open dialogue.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

CoPs as a training modality provide participants a sense of diversity: diversity in ways of seeing the world, diversity of emotions related to social events, and diversity as a way to cope with collective traumatic events.

“CoPs as a training modality provide participants a sense of diversity: diversity in ways of seeing the world, diversity of emotions related to social events, and diversity as a way to cope with collective traumatic events.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Since 2016, an innovative intervention model has been implemented in Quebec, Canada, to provide specialized services to individuals, families, or communities struggling with issues of violent radicalization.

“Since 2016, an innovative intervention model has been implemented in Quebec, Canada, to provide specialized services to individuals, families, or communities who are, in one way or another, struggling with issues of violent radicalization (Ben-Cheikh et al., 2018).”

• cites Ben-Cheikh et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

A social discourse that portrays Muslims as the aggressors from whom the larger community must be protected was present in the meeting and was crucial to understanding participants' difficulty in referring to the perpetrator as a "terrorist."

“Another discourse present in the meeting appeared in some way as mirroring or repeating the terrorists’ discourse. The social discourse that portrays Muslims as the aggressors from whom the larger community must be protected is crucial to understand the difficulty experienced by participants when referring to the perpetrator as a “terrorist.””

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Clinicians from these teams work in close collaboration with local partners and offer clinical follow-ups that are not mandatory and are independent from justice decisions.

“Clinicians from these teams work in close collaboration with local partners (e.g., schools, youth protection, security agencies) and offer clinical follow-ups that are not mandatory and are independent from justice decisions.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

As suggested by Wenger (1998), CoPs allow workers of a common domain of practice to exchange on topics of interest, to learn from each other, and to support one another.

“As suggested by Wenger (1998), CoPs allow workers of a common domain of practice to exchange on topics of interest, to learn from each other, and to support one another.”

• cites Wenger, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

This interdisciplinary and interinstitutional characteristic of the CoP challenges some hierarchies and values subaltern knowledge through openness in dialogue.

“This characteristic of the CoP challenges some hierarchies and in doing so values subaltern knowledge through openness in dialogue.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Overall, our results indicate that the process at play during the Social Polarization CoP meetings contributes to both deconstruct and formulate clinical cases.

“Overall, our results indicate that the process at play during the Social Polarization CoP meetings contributes to both deconstruct and formulate clinical cases.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Having a diverse group in terms of social positionalities is an effective way to explore different perspectives and discuss unquestioned social norms.

“Having a diverse group in terms of social positionalities is an effective way to explore different perspectives and discuss unquestioned social norms.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

As a white Quebecois, the perpetrator is part of the majority, which means that in this case, the othering process is less active for professionals from the majority.

“As a white Quebecois he is part of the majority, which means that in this case, the othering process is less active for professionals from the majority.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Shedding light on how knowledge is constructed and repressed, avoiding essentialism and determinism, and enabling complexity-building through critical dialogue are at the heart of the Social Polarization CoP initiative.

“Shedding light on how knowledge is constructed and repressed, avoiding essentialism and determinism, and enabling complexity-building through critical dialogue are at the heart of the Social Polarization CoP initiative.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Qualitative methods have the advantage of taking subjective biases into account but can only provide a partial perspective on the phenomenon being studied.

“Qualitative methods have the advantage of taking subjective biases into account but can only provide a partial perspective on the phenomenon being studied.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Phenomenology argues that our perceptions are judgments influenced by social constructions.

“Phenomenology (Husserl, 1966) argues that our perceptions are judgments influenced by social constructions.”

• cites Husserl, 1966Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The perpetrator is also a young White male, in some way symbolizing privileges that "should not" be attacked, under the wider social regimes of truth.

“He is also a young White male, in some way symbolizing privileges that “should not” be attacked, under the wider social regimes of truth.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

Complexified discourses can be enabled and created through empathy and recognition.

“Complexified discourses can nonetheless be enabled and created through empathy and recognition.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Five multidisciplinary teams are currently in operation across Quebec (Montreal, Laval, Quebec City, Sherbrooke, and Gatineau).

“First implemented in Montreal, five multidisciplinary teams are currently in operation across the province (i.e., in Montreal, Laval, Quebec City, Sherbrooke, and Gatineau).”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

These specialized teams consolidate expertise in transcultural psychiatry, community mental health and social services, and medico-legal risk assessment.

“These specialized teams consolidate expertise in transcultural psychiatry, community mental health and social services, and medico-legal risk assessment.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

Each of these discourses and levels of discourses creates different kinds of subjects, referring to a multiplicity of representations of real human beings who are not present during the discussion.

“Each of these discourses and levels of discourses creates different kinds of subjects, referring to a multiplicity of representations of real human beings who are not present during the discussion.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

The CoP requires a facilitator with both a clinical and research background, participants willing to create a safe enough environment and express themselves freely and confidently, and a diversity of social positionalities and professional ideologies among participants to enrich discussions.

“First, it requires a facilitator with both a clinical and research background as participants are looking for both clinical supervision and teaching on best practices informed by research.”

• Also stated in: § Limitations and implications · plain

  “Second, it requires participants who are willing to create a safe enough environment and allow everyone to express themself freely and in a confident manner.”

• Also stated in: § Limitations and implications · plain

  “Finally, the CoP requires a diversity of social positionalities (i.e., religion, gender, social class, etc.) and professional ideologies (i.e., professions, organizations, therapeutic models, etc.) among participants to enrich the discussions.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The results of the analysis were reviewed by coauthors who are familiar with the field to ensure they reflected the content of CoP sessions.

“The results of the analysis were then reviewed by coauthors who are familiar with the field to ensure they reflected the content of CoP sessions.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

Knowledge is produced by and located in different communities, and members of these different communities can bring to the group key elements to the development of the case, such as the feeling of being the specific target of a given discourse.

“Knowledge is produced by and located in different communities, and members of these different communities can bring to the group key elements to the development of the case, such as the feeling of being the specific target of a given discourse.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The perception of violence also varies depending on whether we are suffering from systemic violence or benefiting from this system.

“It also varies depending on whether we are suffering from systemic violence or benefiting from this system.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Contrasting positionalities of group members, transference dynamics, and internal debates can all lead to a more complex, comprehensive understanding of a clinical situation.

“Contrasting positionalities of group members, transference dynamics, and internal debates can all lead to a more complex, comprehensive understanding of a clinical situation.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Thematic saturation was reached after all focus groups had been analyzed and no more codes emerged from the data.

“Thematic saturation was reached after all focus groups had been analyzed and no more codes emerged from the data.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

These conditions are not easy to implement and are important limitations in creating other groups with the same dynamics.

“These conditions are not easy to implement and are important limitations in creating other groups with the same dynamics.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

CoPs are characterized by meaning negotiation and identity formation.

“CoPs are also characterized by meaning negotiation and identity formation.”

• cites Wenger, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The discourse that portrays Muslims as aggressors carries an implicit double standard, according to the facilitator: it is a terrorist attack if the perpetrator is a Muslim person, and it should be too if the perpetrator is Quebecois.

“This discourse, as noted by the facilitator, carries an implicit double standard: “It is a double standard. […] It is a terrorist attack if the perpetrator is a Muslim person so it should be too if the perpetrator is Quebecois.””

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Violence threats are two-sided and bidirectional; they can consist in potentially receiving or potentially causing harm.

“Violence threats are also two-sided and bidirectional. They can consist in potentially receiving or potentially causing harm.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

When discussions are viewed through a critical lens, the resulting production is seen less as a "definite truth" and more as a co-creation of meaning around what is deemed to be "true" in a given social and relational context.

“When these discussions are viewed through a critical lens, the resulting production is seen less as a “definite truth” and more as a co-creation of meaning around what is deemed to be “true” in a given social and relational context.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

This is done by eliciting participants' awareness of their implicit assumptions about the case and internalized cultural representations.

“This is done by eliciting participants’ awareness of their implicit assumptions about the case and internalized cultural representations.”

• cites Daxhelet et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Johnson-Lafleur et al., 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Rousseau, Johnson-Lafleur, et al., 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

The Social Polarization CoP tries to avoid both extreme stances by collectively assessing risk and providing boundaries.

“The Social Polarization CoP tries to avoid both of these extreme stances by collectively assessing risk and providing boundaries.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The subjective experiences and social positioning of both clinicians and those who receive care are influenced and designed by ideologies, so that both can feel interpellated by social events.

“For the question that concerns us here, i.e., the collective elaboration of clinical case formulations that involve violent radicalization, the subjective experiences and social positioning of both clinicians and those who receive care are also influenced and designed by ideologies, so that both can feel interpellated by social events.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

The alternative offered by the Social Polarization CoP is to build a collective sense of responsibility, relying on the group's strength to make decisions when working with high-risk situations.

“The alternative offered by the Social Polarization CoP is to build a collective sense of responsibility, relying on the group's strength to make decisions when working with high-risk situations.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

The creation of a safe enough space with the illusion of being protected from the outside world, including from institutional violence, makes a critical dialogue possible to develop a complexified and enhanced case formulation.

“The creation of a safe enough space with the illusion of being protected from the outside world, including from institutional violence, makes a critical dialogue possible to develop a complexified and enhanced case formulation.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Signed consent was obtained from focus group participants.

“Signed consent was obtained from focus group participants.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Every failure collectively experienced, and every step taken to repair relationships and the world, is an important experience for understanding and accepting that ideal communities do not exist.

“Every failure collectively experienced, and every step taken to repair relationships and the world, is also an important experience for understanding and accepting that ideal communities do not exist.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Processes of individual and collective transference make the CoP an effective strategy for experiential learning, providing the opportunity to work with and work on positionalities, and to account for situated knowledge.

“Processes of individual and collective transference make the CoP an effective strategy for experiential learning, providing the opportunity to work with and work on positionalities, and to account for situated knowledge.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

All coauthors were invited to critically review and to refine the results of the analytical process.

“Finally, all coauthors were invited to critically review and to refine the results of the analytical process.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

These discourses are part of specific "regimes of truth" that determine what can be considered as true and a real explanation of a given lived experience.

“These discourses are also part of specific “regimes of truth” (Foucault, 1971, 1975) that determine what can be considered as true and a real explanation of a given lived experience.”

• cites Foucault, 1971, 1975Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Discussions held during TIICDS bring new perspectives on situations and treatment, ranging from collectively reformulating the case to shifting participant personal understanding and meaning-making of the case.

“Discussions held during TIICDS bring new perspectives on situations and treatment, ranging from collectively reformulating the case to shifting participant personal understanding and meaning-making of the case.”

• cites Daxhelet et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Johnson-Lafleur et al., 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Rousseau, Johnson-Lafleur, et al., 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

CoPs are the art of understanding together and supporting each other in the face of difficult realities, thus contribute to preventing disengagement of clinicians and minimizing the retaliation toward those who receive professional clinical attention.

“CoPs are the art of understanding together and supporting each other in the face of difficult realities, thus contribute to preventing disengagement of clinicians and minimizing the retaliation toward those who receive professional clinical attention.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

The potential of the Social Polarization CoP lies in and relies on a group that is strong enough to collectively be part of a clinical adventure, while remaining aware of its limitations and potential failures.

“The potential of the Social Polarization CoP lies in and relies on a group that is strong enough to collectively be part of a clinical adventure, while remaining aware of its limitations and potential failures.”