CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 58

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Language attrition and theories of forgetting: A cross-disciplinary review

Ecke, Peter·2004·International Journal of Bilingualism
DOI 10.1177/13670069040080030901
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

My purpose in this paper is to examine the psychological nature of forgetting (parts of) a language by individuals involved in language change across the lifespan. The objectives of the article are (1) to summarize psychological theories and hypotheses about forgetting and memory failure, and (2) to evaluate their relevance for the explanation of individual language attrition. By reviewing linguistically and psycholinguistically oriented language attrition studies that appear to implicate mechanisms of forgetting, I seek to contribute to the interdisciplinary study and discussion of language attrition phenomena.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/13670069040080030901

Cites

10 of 10 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 238

  1. 10.1017/CBO9780511620720.013 · DOI
  2. Ammerlaan, T., 1996, You get it a bit wobbly… Exploring bilingual lexical retrieval in the context of first language attrition. Unpublished doctoral dissertation
  3. Ammerlaan, T., Hulsen, M., Strating, H. & Yagmur, K. (2001). Language maintenance, shift, and loss: Work in progress. In T. Ammerlaan, M. Hulsen, H. Strating, & K. Yagmur (Eds.), Sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic perspectives on maintenance and loss in minority languages (pp. 1 - 13). Münster: Waxmann.
  4. Andersen, R.W. (1982). Determining the linguistic attributes of language attrition. In R. D. Lambert & B. F. Freed (Eds.), The loss of language skills (pp. 83 - 118). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
  5. 10.1037/0278-7393.20.5.1063 · DOI · Paper page
  6. 10.1177/13670069010050040101 · DOI
  7. Ashcraft, M.H., 1989, Human memory and cognition. Glennview, IL
  8. Ashcraft, M.H., 1998, Fundamentals of cognition
  9. Baddeley, A.D., 1986, Working memory
  10. 10.1111/j.1540-4781.1984.tb01551.x · DOI
  11. Bailey, C.J.N. (1973). The patterning of language variation. In R. W. Bailey & J. L. Robinson (Eds.), Varieties of present day English (pp. 156 - 189). New York: MacMillian .
  12. Bates, E. & Macwhinney, B. (1981). Second-language acquisition from a functionalist perspective: Pragmatic, semantic, and perceptual strategies . In H. Winitz (Ed.), Native language and foreign language acquisition. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 379 (pp. 190 - 214). New York, NY: Academy of Sciences. · DOI · Paper page
  13. Bates, E. & Macwhinney, B. (1987). Competition, variation and language learning. In B. MacWhinney (Ed.), Mechanisms of language acquisition (pp. 157 - 193). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  14. 10.1093/applin/4.3.222 · DOI
  15. Bjork, R.A. (1998). Intentional forgetting in perspective: Comments, conjectures, and some direct remembering. In J. M Golding & C. M. MacLeod (Eds.), Intentional forgetting: Interdisciplinary approaches (pp.453 -481). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  16. 10.1177/136700699800200102 · DOI
  17. 10.1017/S004740450100104X · DOI
  18. 10.1037/0003-066X.36.2.129 · DOI · Paper page
  19. Boyd, S. (1993). Attrition or expansion? Changes in the lexicon of Finnish and American adult bilinguals in Sweden. In K. Hyltenstam & Å. Viberg (Eds.), Progression and regression in language (pp. 386 - 411). Cambridge, U.K. Cambridge University Press .
  20. 10.1515/ijsl.1991.90.13 · DOI
  21. Briggs, J., 1989, Turbulent mirror: An illustrated guide to chaos theory and the science of wholeness
  22. 10.2307/1422928 · DOI
  23. 10.4159/harvard.9780674732469 · DOI · Paper page
  24. 10.1016/S0022-5371(66)80040-3 · DOI
  25. Buenrostro, C. (1998). Interferencias en el español hablado por los chujes . In J. Calvo (Ed.), Estudios de lengua y cultura amerindas II (pp. 145 - 158). Valencia , Spain: Universidad de Valencia.
  26. Burke, D.M. (1999). Language production and aging. In S. Kemper & R. Kliegl (Eds.), Constraints on language, aging, grammar, and memory (pp. 3 - 28). Boston: Kluwer. · DOI
  27. 10.1016/0749-596X(91)90026-G · DOI
  28. 10.1080/01690969508407111 · DOI · Paper page
  29. 10.1007/978-1-4471-0663-0 · DOI
  30. 10.1121/1.1913594 · DOI
  31. Caramazza, A., 1978, Language acquisition and language breakdown
  32. 10.21832/9781853595509 · DOI
  33. Chomsky, N., 1975, Reflections on language
  34. Chomsky, N., 1995, The minimalist program
  35. Clyne, M., 1972, Perspectives on language contact
  36. 10.1515/ling.1987.25.4.739 · DOI
  37. 10.1075/sibil.1.04cly · DOI
  38. 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1975.tb00113.x · DOI
  39. 10.1017/S0272263100000577 · DOI
  40. 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1992.tb01044.x · DOI · Paper page
  41. 10.1017/CBO9781139106856 · DOI
  42. 10.1080/036107398244283 · DOI
  43. De Bot, K. (1996). Language loss. In H. Goebl, P. Nelde, Z. Stary, & W. Wölk (Eds.), Contact linguistics: An international handbook of contemporary research, Vol.1 (pp. 579 - 585). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
  44. De Bot, K. (1999). The psycholinguistics of language loss. In G. Extra & L. Verhoeven (Eds.), Studies on language acquisition 14: Bilingualism and migration (pp. 345 - 361). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. · DOI
  45. De Bot, K., Applied Linguistics
  46. 10.1017/S0272263100000590 · DOI
  47. 10.1080/01434632.1994.9994554 · DOI
  48. De Bot, K., Gommans, P. & Rossing, C. (1991). L1-loss in an L2-environment: Dutch immigrants in France. In H. Seliger & R. Vago (Eds.), First language attrition: Structural and theoretical perspectives (pp. 87 - 98). Cambridge, U.K. Cambridge University Press. · DOI
  49. 10.1093/applin/21.3.333 · DOI
  50. De Bot, K., 2002, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 153, 1
  51. De Bot, K. & Weltens, B. (1991). Recapitulation, regression, and language loss . In H. S. Seliger & M. Vago (Eds.), First language attrition (pp. 31- 51). Cambridge, U.K. Cambridge University Press . · DOI
  52. 10.1017/S026719050000266X · DOI
  53. Denison, N., 1977, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 12, 13
  54. 10.1017/CBO9780511620997 · DOI
  55. 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1974.tb00234.x · DOI
  56. Ebbinghaus, H., 1885, Über das Gedächtnis. Untersuchungen zur experimentellen Psychologie
  57. Ecke, P., 1996, Cross-language studies of lexical retrieval: Tip-of-the-tongue states in first and foreign languages. Unpublished doctoral dissertation
  58. Ecke, P., Southwest Journal of Linguistics, 23
  59. Ecke, P., 1998, Ilha do Desterro: Cognitive Perspectives on the Acquisition/ Learning of Second/ Foreign Languages, 35, 157
  60. El Aissati, A. & Schaufeli, A. (1998). Language maintenance and loss: Evidence from language perception and production. In G. Extra & L. Verhoeven (Eds.), Studies on language acquisition 14: Bilingualism and migration (pp. 363 - 377). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. · DOI
  61. Elman, J.L. (1995). Language as a dynamical system. In R. F. Port & T. van Gelder (Eds.), Mind as motion: Explorations in the dynamics of cognition (pp. 195 - 225). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  62. Færch, C. & Kasper, G. (1989). Transfer in production: Some implications for the interlanguage hypothesis. In H. W. Dechert & M. Raupach (Eds.), Transfer in language production (pp. 173 - 193). NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
  63. 10.1017/S0142716400004264 · DOI
  64. Fishman, J., 1966, Language loyalty in the United States
  65. Fishman, J. (1972). Language maintenance and shift as a field of inquiry: Revisited. In A. S. Dil (Ed.), Language in sociocultural change (pp.76 - 134). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  66. Fishman, J., 1991, Reversing language shift, 10.21832/9781800418097 · DOI
  67. 10.1121/1.413041 · DOI
  68. Forster, K.I. (1992). Memory-addressing mechanisms and lexical access . In R. Frost & L. Katz (Eds.), Orthography, phonology, morphology, and meaning (pp.413-434). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers. · DOI
  69. Freud, S., 1961, Screen memories
  70. 10.1515/ijsl.1998.133.129 · DOI
  71. 10.1017/S0047404500020790 · DOI
  72. 10.1075/lald.5 · DOI
  73. 10.1017/S136672890100013X · DOI
  74. Golding, J.M. & Long, D.L. (1998). There is more to intentional forgetting than directed forgetting: An integrative review. In J. M. Golding & C. M. MacLeod (Eds.), Intentional forgetting: Interdisciplinary approaches (pp. 59 - 102). Mahwah, N. J. Lawrence Erlbaum.
  75. Golding, J. M., 1998, Intentional forgetting: Interdisciplinary approaches
  76. 10.1016/0093-934X(86)90016-7 · DOI
  77. 10.1017/CBO9781139166959 · DOI
  78. Grosjean, F. (1995). A psycholinguistic approach to codeswitching: The recognition of guest words by bilinguals. In L. Milroy & P. Muysken (Eds.), One speaker, two languages: Cross-disciplinary perspectives on codeswitching (pp.259 - 275). Cambridge, U.K. Cambridge University Press. · DOI
  79. 10.1111/j.1473-4192.1995.tb00078.x · DOI
  80. 10.1093/applin/13.1.72 · DOI
  81. Hall, C.J. & Ecke, P. (2003). Parasitism as a default mechanism in L3 vocabulary acquisition. In J. Cenoz, B. Hufeisen, & U. Jessner (Eds.), The multilingual lexicon (pp.71 - 85). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  82. Halmari, H., SLRF 1992 Proceedings
  83. Hansen, L., 1980, Dissertation Abstracts International, 42, 193A
  84. Hansen, L. (1999). Not a total loss: The attrition of Japanese negation over three decades. In L. Hansen (Ed.), Second language attrition in Japanese contexts (pp. 142 - 153). New York: Oxford University Press. · DOI
  85. 10.1017/S0267190501000046 · DOI
  86. 10.37546/JALTJJ23.1-5 · DOI
  87. Haugen, E., 1953, The Norwegian language in America
  88. Hayashi, B. (1999). Testing the regression hypothesis: The remains of the Japanese negation system in Micronesia. In L. Hansen (Ed.), Second language attrition in Japanese contexts (pp. 154 - 168). New York: Oxford University Press. · DOI
  89. 10.1111/j.1944-9720.1991.tb00440.x · DOI
  90. 10.1037/0882-7974.14.3.445 · DOI
  91. 10.21832/9781853595547 · DOI · Paper page
  92. Hernandez, D.J., 1998, From generation to generation: The health and well-being of children in immigrant families
  93. Higbee, K.L., 1996, Your memory: How it works and how to improve it
  94. Hill, J., 1986, Speaking Mexicano: Dynamics of syncretic language in Central Mexico
  95. 10.1163/9789004261723 · DOI
  96. 10.1075/z.fishfest2.03huf · DOI
  97. 10.1017/CBO9780511611780 · DOI
  98. Hyltenstam, K. & Stroud, C. (1993). Second language regression in Alzheimer's dementia . In K. Hyltenstam & Å. Viberg (Eds.), Progression and regression in language (pp. 222 - 242). Cambridge, U.K. Cambridge University Press. · DOI
  99. Hyltenstam, K. & Viberg, Å. ( 1993). Linguistic progression and regression: An introduction . In K. Hyltenstam & Å. Viberg (Eds.), Progression and regression in language (pp.3- 36). Cambridge, U.K. Cambridge University Press. · DOI
  100. 10.1017/S1366728900000237 · DOI
  101. 10.3758/BF03194925 · DOI
  102. Ivanov, V. V., 1990, Grammaticheskaia interferentsiia v usloviakh natsionalno-russkovo dvuiazychia [Grammatical interference under conditions of national-Russian bilingualism]
  103. Jakobson, R., 1941, Kindersprache, Aphasie und allgemeine Lautgesetze. Uppsala Universitets Aarsskrift. (Translated as Child language, aphasia and phonological universals
  104. Jarvis, S. (2003). Probing the effects of the L2 on the L1: A case study. In V. Cook (Ed.), The effect of the second language on the first (pp. 81 - 102). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. · DOI
  105. Jessner, U. (2003). A dynamic approach to language attrition in multilingual systems. In V. Cook (Ed.), The effect of the second language on the first (pp. 234 - 246). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. · DOI
  106. Jia, G., 1998, Beyond brain maturation: The Critical Period hypothesis in second language acquisition revisited. Unpublished doctoral dissertation
  107. Jia, G. & Aaronson, D. (1999). Age differences in second language acquisition: The Dominant Language Switch and Maintenance hypothesis. In A. Greenhill, H. Littlefield , & C. Tano (Eds.), Proceeedings of the 23rd Boston University Conference on Language Development (pp. 301 - 312). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
  108. 10.1093/applin/21.1.47 · DOI
  109. 10.1177/000306519304100103 · DOI
  110. 10.3758/BF03199558 · DOI
  111. 10.1017/S0272263100000607 · DOI
  112. Kapanga, A. (1998). Impact of language variation and accommodation theory on language maintenance: An analysis of Shaba Swahili. In L. A. Grenoble & L. J. Whaley (Eds.), Endangered languages: Language loss and community response (pp. 261 -288). Cambridge, U.K. Cambridge University Press. · DOI
  113. Kaufman, D. (2001). Tales of L1 attrition - Evidence from prepuberty children. In T. Ammerlaan, M. Hulsen, H. Strating, & K. Yagmur (Eds.), Sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic perspectives on maintenance and loss in minority languages (pp. 185 - 202). Münster: Waxmann.
  114. Kaufman, D. & Aronoff, M. (1989). Morphological interaction between L1 and L2 in language attrition. In S. Gass, C. Madden, D. Preston, & L. Selinker (Eds.), Variation in second language acquisition, Vol. 2: Psycholinguistic issues (pp. 202 - 215). Clevedon, Avon: Multilingual Matters.
  115. 10.1017/CBO9780511620720.012 · DOI
  116. Kellerman, E. (1983). Now you see it, now you don't. In S. Gass & L. Selinker (Eds.), Language transfer in language learning (pp. 112 - 134). Rowley, MA.
  117. 10.1515/9783110812374 · DOI
  118. Keppel, G. (1968). Retroactive and proactive inhibition. In T. R. Dixon & D. L. Horton (Eds.), Verbal behavior and general behavior theory (pp. 172 - 213). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  119. Köpke, B. & Nespoulous, J.L. (2001). First language attrition in production skills and metalinguistic abilities in German-English and German-French bilinguals. In T. Ammerlaan, M. Hulsen, H. Strating, & K. Yagmur (Eds.), Sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic perspectives on maintenance and loss in minority languages (pp. 221 - 234). Münster: Waxmann.
  120. 10.4324/9781410603340 · DOI
  121. 10.1080/01434632.1992.9994499 · DOI
  122. Kuhberg, H., 1992, Second Language Research, 8, 138
  123. Lambert, W. E., 1982, The loss of language skills
  124. 10.1093/applin/17.4.477 · DOI
  125. 10.2307/412442 · DOI
  126. 10.1093/applin/18.2.141 · DOI · Paper page
  127. 10.21832/9781853596346-004 · DOI
  128. Lestrade, P.M., 2002, Southwest Journal of Linguistics, 21, 99
  129. Levine, G.S., 1996, Southwest Journal of Linguistics, 15, 109
  130. 10.1037/0003-066X.35.5.409 · DOI
  131. 10.3758/BF03334761 · DOI
  132. 10.1037/0882-7974.13.4.647 · DOI
  133. 10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.199 · DOI
  134. Mägiste, E. (1986). Selected issues in second and third language learning . In J. Vaid (Ed.), Language processing in bilinguals: Psycholinguistic and neuropsychological perspectives (pp.97 - 122). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  135. 10.1017/CBO9780511620720.005 · DOI
  136. Major, R.C. (1993). Sociolinguistic factors in loss and acquisition of phonology. In K. Hyltenstam & Å. Viberg (Eds.), Progression and regression in language (pp.463 - 478). Cambridge, U.K. Cambridge University Press.
  137. 10.2307/1166115 · DOI · Paper page
  138. 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1990.tb02350.x · DOI
  139. 10.1006/jmla.1999.2677 · DOI
  140. 10.1016/0271-5309(83)90018-6 · DOI
  141. Meisel, J., 2001, April). From bilingual language acquisition to theories of language change. Plenary speech given at the 3rd International Symposium on Bilingualism
  142. 10.1016/0193-3973(83)90023-0 · DOI
  143. 10.1017/S1366728902000135 · DOI
  144. Münstermann, H. (1989). Dialect loss in Maastrich: Attitudes, functions and structures. In K. Deprez (Ed.), Language and intergroup relations in Flanders and in the Netherlands (pp.99 - 128). Providence, RI: Floris. · DOI
  145. Myers-Scotton, C. (1998). A way to dusty death: The Matrix Language turnover hypothesis. In L. A. Grenoble & L. J. Whaley (Eds.), Endangered languages: Language loss and community response (pp.289 - 327). Cambridge , U.K. Cambridge University Press. · DOI
  146. 10.1037/0096-3445.113.1.32 · DOI
  147. 10.1177/13670069020060040401 · DOI
  148. 10.1017/S0272263100000589 · DOI
  149. 10.1017/CBO9780511620720.010 · DOI
  150. 10.1017/S0142716400007530 · DOI
  151. Paradis, M., 1995, Aspects of bilingual aphasia
  152. Paradis, M., 2001, Manifestations of aphasia symptoms in different languages, 10.1163/9780585474151 · DOI
  153. Pavlenko, A. (2003). "I feel clumsy speaking Russian": L2 influence on L1 in narratives of Russian L2 users of English. In V. Cook (Ed.), Effects of the second language on the first (pp. 32 - 61). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. · DOI
  154. 10.1093/applin/23.2.190 · DOI
  155. Pavlenko, A. & Lantolf, J.P. (2000). Second language learning as participation and the (re)construction of selves. In J. Lantolf (Ed.), Sociocultural theory and second language learning (pp. 155 - 177). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  156. Pease-Alvarez, L., 1996, Southwest Journal of Linguistics, 15, 137
  157. 10.1017/S0047404500008617 · DOI
  158. 10.1515/ijsl.1991.90.97 · DOI
  159. 10.1515/9783110807820.97 · DOI
  160. Pinker, S., 2000, Words and rules: The ingredients of language
  161. 10.1075/lald.14.15pla · DOI
  162. 10.1515/ling.1980.18.7-8.581 · DOI · Paper page
  163. 10.1093/elt/53.1.28 · DOI
  164. Porte, G. (2003). English from a distance: Codemixing and blending in the L1 output of long-term resident overseas EFL teachers. In V. Cook (Ed.), Effects of the second language on the first (pp. 103 - 119). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. · DOI
  165. 10.3758/BF03198064 · DOI
  166. 10.1016/S0022-5371(84)90489-4 · DOI
  167. Prince, E.F., 1997, Düsseldorf, 339
  168. Py, B. ( 1986). Native language attrition amongst migrant workers: Towards an extension of the concept of interlanguage. In E. Kellerman & M. Sharwood Smith (Eds.), Crosslinguistic influence in second language acquisition (pp. 163 - 172). Oxford: Pergamon .
  169. 10.1006/jmla.1996.0031 · DOI
  170. Reetz-Kurashige, A. (1999). Japanese returnees' retention of English speaking skills: Changes in verb usage over time. In L. Hansen (Ed.), Second language attrition in Japanese contexts (pp. 21 - 58). New York: Oxford University Press. · DOI
  171. Ringbom, H., 1987, The role of the first language in foreign language learning
  172. 10.1017/S1366728998000194 · DOI
  173. Rodriguez, R., 1982, Hunger of memory: The education of Richard Rodriguez
  174. Romaine, S., 1995, Bilingualism
  175. 10.7551/mitpress/5236.003.0008 · DOI
  176. Salthouse, T.A., 1991, Theoretical perspectives on cognitive aging
  177. Saville-Troike, M., 1995, Southwest Journal of Linguistics, 14, 125
  178. Schacter, D.L., 1996, Searching for memory: The brain, the mind, and the past
  179. Schacter, D.L., 2001, The seven sins of memory: How the mind forgets and remembers
  180. Schacter, D. L., 1995, Memory distortion: How minds, brains, and societies reconstruct the past
  181. 10.1075/sibil.1.10sch · DOI
  182. Schaufeli, A., 1996, Journal of the Linguistic Association of the Southwest, 15, 153
  183. Schjerve-Rindler (1998). Codeswitching as an indicator for language shift? Evidence from Sardinia - Italian bilingualism . In R. Jacobson (Ed.), Codeswitching worldwide (pp. 221-247). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. · DOI
  184. Schlyter, S. (1993). The weaker language in bilingual Swedish-French children. In K. Hyltenstam & A. Viberg (Eds.), Progression and regression in language (pp.289 - 308). Cambridge, U.K. Cambridge University Press.
  185. 10.1075/sibil.24 · DOI
  186. Schmid, M.S., Language attrition
  187. 10.1017/CBO9780511620720.008 · DOI
  188. Schmidt-Mackey, I. (1977). Language strategies of the bilingual family. In W. F. Mackey & T. Andersson (Eds.), Bilingualism in early childhood (pp.132-146). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
  189. 10.1111/j.1540-4781.1991.tb01078.x · DOI
  190. Schumann, J., 1978, The pidginization process: A model for second language acquisition
  191. Schwartz, B.L., 2002, Tip-of-the-tongue states: Phenomenology, mechanism, and lexical retrieval
  192. 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1991.tb00676.x · DOI
  193. 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1990.tb00604.x · DOI
  194. 10.1017/CBO9780511611780.011 · DOI
  195. 10.1017/CBO9780511620720.015 · DOI
  196. 10.1016/B978-012589042-7/50020-7 · DOI
  197. 10.1017/CBO9780511620720.001 · DOI
  198. 10.1080/01690969108406947 · DOI
  199. Sharwood Smith, M. (1983). On first language loss in the second language acquirer: Problems of transfer. In S. Gass & L. Selinker (Eds.), Language transfer in language learning (pp. 222 - 231). Rowley, MA : Newbury House.
  200. Sharwood Smith, M. (1989). Crosslinguistic influence in language loss. In K. Hyltenstam & L. K. Obler (Eds.), Bilingualism across the lifespan: Aspects of acquisition, maturity, and loss (pp. 185 - 201). Cambridge , U.K. Cambridge University Press. · DOI

200 of 238 shown

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 58

Metadata

Authors
Ecke, P.
Affiliations
University of Arizona,
Venue
International Journal of Bilingualism
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2004-09
Volume
8
Issue
3
Pages
321-354
ISSN
  • 1367-0069
  • 1756-6878
DOI
10.1177/13670069040080030901
Cited by
58
References
10
Language
en
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review