Balancing Bilinguals: Lexical-Semantic Production and Cognitive Processing in Children Learning Spanish and English
Abstract
The present study investigated developmental changes in lexical production skills in early sequential bilinguals, in both Spanish (L1) and English (L2), exploring the effects of age, years of experience, and basic-level cognitive processing (specifically the ability to resist interference) within a timed picture-naming task. To assess resistance to interference, naming was compared in low competition (blocked-single language) vs. high competition (mixed-alternating language) conditions. Participants were 100 individuals, 20 at each of 5 different age levels (5-7, 8-10, 11-13, 14-16, & young adults). All had learned Spanish as a first language in the home, with formal English experience beginning at 5 years. Gains were made in both languages across age. However, there was a developmental crossover from Spanish dominance in the youngest children, through a period of relatively balanced Spanish and English skills in middle childhood, culminating in a clear pattern of English dominance among adolescents and young adults. Although all groups experienced a greater slowing of response times in the mixed-language condition relative to the blocked-language condition, developmental changes in the pattern of speed-accuracy trade-offs in the mixed condition can be interpreted to reflect a change in the ability to resist cognitive interference during word production.
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Hernández, A. E., Greene, M. R., Vaughn, K. A., Francis, D. J., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2015) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2015.04.002 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
FREQUENCY EFFECTS, NOTICING, AND CREATIVITY
Tarone, E. E. (2002) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263102002139 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Hernandez, A. E., & Reyes, I. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.28.4.726 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Peñaloza, C., Barrett, K., & Kiran, S. (2019) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687038.2019.1666082 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Carpenter, E. A., Rao, L., Peñaloza, C., & Kiran, S. (2020) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687038.2020.1759774 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Stuttering characteristics of German–English bilingual speakers
Schäfer, M. C. M., & Robb, M. P. (2012) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.3109/02699206.2012.689918 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Examining bilingual language switching across the lifespan in cued and voluntary switching contexts.
de Bruin, A., Samuel, A. G., & Duñabeitia, J. A. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/xhp0000746 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
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Self-citationImplicit Statistical Learning and Language Skills in Bilingual Children
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Description of multilingual participants who stutter
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Motion-sensitive cortex and motion semantics in American Sign Language
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The Receptive–Expressive Gap in Bilingual Children With and Without Primary Language Impairment
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Vietnamese Children and Language-Based Processing Tasks
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- Authors
- Kohnert, K. J., Bates, E., & Hernandez, A. E.
- Affiliations
- San Diego State University (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of California, San Diego University of California, Santa Barbara
- ORCID
- Bates, Elizabeth
- Venue
- Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
- Published
- 1999-12
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1400-1413
- ISSN
- 1092-4388 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-9102
- OpenAlex
- W2050210904
- Cited by
- 219
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 3.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P50AG005131, P50-AG05131-11)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Keywords
- Spanish-English bilinguals, picture naming, interference resistance, speed-accuracy trade-off, language dominance, developmental changes, reaction time (psychology)
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Cues, Female, Humans, Language, Male, Reaction Time, Semantics, Verbal Learning, Vocabulary, Multilingualism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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