Bilingualism across the lifespan: the rise and fall of inhibitory control
Abstract
Previous research has shown that bilingual children perform better than comparable monolinguals on tasks requiring control of attention to inhibit misleading information. The present paper reports a series of studies that traces this processing difference into adulthood and eventually aging. The task used in all groups, from children to older adults, is the Simon task, a measure of stimulus-response incompatibility. The results showed that bilinguals performed better than monolinguals in early childhood, adulthood, and later adulthood. There was no difference in performance between monolinguals and bilinguals who were young adults, specifically university undergraduates. Our interpretation is that performance is at its peak efficiency for that group and bilingualism offers no further boost. The results are discussed in terms of the effect of bilingualism on control of attention and inhibition through the lifespan.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Cites
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Miles-Mason, E. (2018) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483392271.n537 · Cited by 4,133 · see citing works
A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory
Jacoby, L. (1991) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(91)90025-f · Cited by 3,815 · see citing works
Working memory, comprehension, and aging: A review and a new view
Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1988) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60041-9 · Cited by 3,456 · see citing works
Beyond modularity: a developmental perspective on cognitive science
Karmiloff‐Smith, A. (1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-5872 · Cited by 2,595 · see citing works
Inhibitory Processes in Attention, Memory and Language
Carr, T. H., & Dagenbach, D. (1994) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,276 · see citing works
Bilingualism in Development: Language, Literacy, and Cognition
Bialystok, E. (2001) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511605963 · Cited by 2,270 · see citing works
Karmiloff‐Smith, A. (1992) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/1579.001.0001 · Cited by 1,993 · see citing works
Diamond, A. (2002) · Principles of Frontal Lobe Function · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134971.003.0029 · Cited by 1,248 · see citing works
Dempster, F. N. (1992) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/0273-2297(92)90003-k · Cited by 993 · see citing works
Lu, C.-H., & Proctor, R. W. (1995) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03210959 · Cited by 962 · see citing works
Development of inhibitory control across the life span.
Williams, B. R., Ponesse, J. S., Schachar, R. J., Logan, G. D., & Tannock, R. (1999) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.205 · Cited by 889 · see citing works
Development of inhibitory control across the life span.
Williams, B. R., Ponesse, J. S., Schachar, R. J., Logan, G. D., & Tannock, R. (1999) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.35.1.205 · Cited by 880 · see citing works
Inhibitory Control, Circadian Arousal, and Age
Hasher, L., Zacks, R. T., & May, C. P. (1999) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/1480.003.0032 · Cited by 815 · see citing works
Hasher, L., Stoltzfus, E. R., Zacks, R. T., & Rypma, B. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.17.1.163 · Cited by 730 · see citing works
Spieler, D. H., Balota, D. A., & Faust, M. E. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.22.2.461 · Cited by 696 · see citing works
Levels of bilingualism and levels of linguistic awareness.
Bialystok, E. (1988) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.24.4.560 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
The Influence of Bilingualism on Cognitive Strategy and Cognitive Development
Ben-Zeev, S. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1128353 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Biological and psychological development of executive functions
Stuss, D. T. (1992) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/0278-2626(92)90059-u · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Spitzer, L. (1987) · Language · doi:10.2307/415706 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Salthouse, T. A. (1994) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.8.4.535 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Spieler, D. H., Balota, D. A., & Faust, M. E. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.22.2.461 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Factors in the Growth of Linguistic Awareness
Bialystok, E. (1986) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130604 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Hasher, L., Stoltzfus, E. R., Zacks, R. T., et al. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.17.1.163 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
The Mirror of Language: The Debate on Bilingualism
Tabors, P. O., & Hakuta, K. (1986) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3586524 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Directed ignoring: Inhibitory regulation of working memory.
Zacks, R. T., & Hasher, L. (1994) · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Measuring Bilingual Children's Receptive Vocabularies
Umbel, V. M., Pearson, B. Z., Fernández‐Santaella, M. C., & Oller, D. K. (1992) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb01678.x · Cited by 328 · see citing works
CHOICE REACTION TIME AS A FUNCTION OF ANGULAR STIMULUS-RESPONSE CORRESPONDENCE AND AGE
SIMON, J. R., & Wolf, J. D. (1963) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140136308930679 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
The relationship between bilingualism and the development of cognitive processes in problem-solving
Bialystok, E., & Majumder, S. (1998) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716400010584 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test
(2012) · SpringerReference · doi:10.1007/springerreference_184274 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Attention and Aging: A Functional Perspective
McDowd, J. C., & Shaw, R. J. (2000) · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Olivier, T. W., Mahone, E. M., & Jacobson, L. A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_1605-2 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Measuring Bilingual Children's Receptive Vocabularies
(1992) · doi:10.2307/1131250 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Cromdal, J. (1999) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716499001010 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
The Ontogeny of Inhibition Mechanisms: A Renewed Approach to Cognitive Development
Harnishfeger, K. K., & Bjorklund, D. F. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9220-0_2 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Inhibition in Attention and Aging
McDowd, J. M. (1997) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/52b.6.p265 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Zelazo, P. D., & Frye, D. A. (1997) · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Rosenblum, T., & Pinker, S. A. (1983) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130064 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Selection for Action: The Role of Inhibitory Mechanisms
Tipper, S. P. (1992) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10768813 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Aging and Language Switching in Bilinguals
Hernández, A. E., & Kohnert, K. J. (1999) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1076/anec.6.2.69.783 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Cardinal limits: Evidence from language awareness and bilingualism for developing concepts of number
Bialystok, E., & Codd, J. (1997) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/s0885-2014(97)90031-9 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Cognitive Complexity and Control
Zelazo, P. D., & Frye, D. A. (1997) · Advances in consciousness research · doi:10.1075/aicr.12.07zel · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Bilingual and monolingual children's use of two lexical acquisition heuristics
Merriman, W. E., & Kutlesic, V. (1993) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716400009565 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Chapter 10 Evidence for Efficient Visual Selectivity in Children
Tipper, S. P., & McLaren, J. (1990) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)60457-4 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bilingualism: consequences for mind and brain
Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., & Luk, G. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.03.001 · Cited by 1,386 · see citing works
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the cognitive correlates of bilingualism
Adesope, O. O., Lavin, T., Thompson, T., & Ungerleider, C. (2010) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654310368803 · Cited by 1,132 · see citing works
There is no coherent evidence for a bilingual advantage in executive processing
Paap, K. R., & Greenberg, Z. I. (2013) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2012.12.002 · Cited by 1,147 · see citing works
Bilingual experience and executive functioning in young children
Carlson, S. M., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2008) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00675.x · Cited by 1,052 · see citing works
Bilingualism aids conflict resolution: Evidence from the ANT task
Costa, A., Hernández, M., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2008) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2006.12.013 · Cited by 1,051 · see citing works
The bilingual adaptation: How minds accommodate experience
Bialystok, E. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000099 · Cited by 906 · see citing works
On the bilingual advantage in conflict processing: Now you see it, now you don’t
Costa, A., Hernández, M., Costa-Faidella, J., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2009) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.08.001 · Cited by 800 · see citing works
Hilchey, M. D., & Klein, R. M. (2011) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-011-0116-7 · Cited by 794 · see citing works
Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., Green, D. W., & Gollan, T. H. (2009) · Gothic.net · doi:10.1177/1529100610387084 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Is bilingualism associated with enhanced executive functioning in adults? A meta-analytic review.
Lehtonen, M., Soveri, A., Laine, A., Järvenpää, J., de Bruin, A., & Antfolk, J. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000142 · Cited by 646 · see citing works
A bilingual advantage in task switching
PRIOR, A., & MACWHINNEY, B. (2010) · Bilingualism: Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728909990526 · Cited by 625 · see citing works
The Inhibitory Advantage in Bilingual Children Revisited
Duñabeitia, J. A., Hernandez-Cabrera, J. A., Antón, E., Macizo, P., Estévez, A., Fuentes, L. J., & Carreiras, M. (2013) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000243 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Effect of bilingualism on cognitive control in the Simon task: evidence from MEG
Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., Grady, C. L., Chau, W., Ishii, R., Gunji, A., & Pantev, C. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.09.044 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
The Advantages of Bilingualism Debate
Antoniou, M. (2018) · Annual Review of Linguistics · doi:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011718-011820 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Poarch, G. J., & van Hell, J. G. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2012.06.013 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Juggling Two Languages in One Mind
Kroll, J. F., Dussias, P. E., BOGULSKI, C. A., & Kroff, J. R. V. (2012) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394393-4.00007-8 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
The Development of Executive Function in Childhood
Cragg, L. (2008) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/7437.003.0041 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
(1991) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511620720 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Colzato, L., Bajo, M., van den Wildenberg, W. V. D., Paolieri, D., Nieuwenhuis, S., la Heij, W., & Hommel, B. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.34.2.302 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Subcortical encoding of sound is enhanced in bilinguals and relates to executive function advantages
Krizman, J., Marian, V., Shook, A., Skoe, E., & Kraus, N. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1201575109 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Is bilingualism related to a cognitive advantage in children? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Gunnerud, H. L., ten Braak, D., Reikerås, E. K. L., Donolato, E., & Melby‐Lervåg, M. (2020) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000301 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Bilingualism and working memory capacity: A comprehensive meta-analysis
Grundy, J. G., & Timmer, K. (2016) · Second language Research · doi:10.1177/0267658316678286 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
The Efficiency of Attentional Networks in Early and Late Bilinguals: The Role of Age of Acquisition
Tao, L., Marzecová, A., Taft, M., Asanowicz, D., & Wodniecka, Z. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00123 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Multilingualism and cognitive state in the oldest old.
Kavé, G., Eyal, N., Shorek, A., & Cohen-Mansfield, J. (2008) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.23.1.70 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
How does bilingualism modify cognitive function? Attention to the mechanism
Bialystok, E., & Craik, F. I. M. (2022) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-022-02057-5 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Yow, W. Q., & Li, X. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00164 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
The impact of bilingualism on the executive control and orienting networks of attention
Hernández, M., Costa, A., Fuentes, L. J., Vivas, A. B., & Sebastián‐Gallés, N. (2010) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728909990010 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Older Learners in SLA Research: A First Look at Working Memory, Feedback, and L2 Development
Mackey, A., & Sachs, R. (2011) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2011.00649.x · Cited by 198 · see citing works
(2004) · Studies in bilingualism · doi:10.1075/sibil.28 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
The Influence of Expertise in Simultaneous Interpreting on Non-Verbal Executive Processes
Yudes, C., Macizo, P., & Bajo, M. T. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00309 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
The effect of bilingualism and age on inhibitory control
Salvatierra, J. L., & Rosselli, M. (2010) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/1367006910371021 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
The effects of bilingualism on executive functions: an updated quantitative analysis
Grundy, J. G. (2020) · Journal of Cultural Cognitive Science · doi:10.1007/s41809-020-00062-5 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Aging in two languages: Implications for public health
Bialystok, E., Abutalebi, J., Bak, T. H., Burke, D. M., & Kroll, J. F. (2016) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2016.03.003 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Donnelly, S., Brooks, P. J., & Homer, B. D. (2019) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-019-01567-z · Cited by 156 · see citing works
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-6736 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Stocco, A., Yamasaki, B. L., Natalenko, R., & Prat, C. S. (2012) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/1367006912456617 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Attentional control in early and later bilingual children
Kapa, L. L., & Colombo, J. A. (2013) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2013.01.011 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Cognitive Advantages of Bilingual Children in Different Sociolinguistic Contexts
Blom, E., Boerma, T., Bosma, E., Cornips, L. M. E. A., & Everaert, E. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00552 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Buysse, V., Peisner-Feinberg, E. S., Páez, M., Hammer, C. S., & Knowles, M. M. (2013) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2013.08.004 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Does bilingualism shape inhibitory control in the elderly?
Antón, E., García, Y. F., Carreiras, M., & Duñabeitia, J. A. (2016) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2016.04.007 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Cognitive control, cognitive reserve, and memory in the aging bilingual brain
Grant, A. M., Dennis, N. A., & Li, P. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01401 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Dual mechanisms of cognitive control in bilinguals and monolinguals.
Morales, J., Gómez-Ariza, C. J., & Bajo, M. T. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2013.807812 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Cognitive control in bilinguals: Advantages in Stimulus–Stimulus inhibition
Blumenfeld, H. K., & Marian, V. (2013) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728913000564 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Veríssimo, J., Verhaeghen, P., Goldman, N., Weinstein, M., & Ullman, M. T. (2021) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01169-7 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
No evidence for reduced Simon cost in elderly bilinguals and bidialectals
Kirk, N. W., Fiala, L., Scott-Brown, K. C., & Kempe, V. (2014) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2014.929580 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
A working memory, not bilingual advantage, in controlled attention
Namazi, M., & Thordardottir, E. T. (2010) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.1080/13670050.2010.488288 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Moreno, S., Wodniecka, Z., Tays, W. J., Alain, C., & Bialystok, E. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094169 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Bialystok, E. (2016) · Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism · doi:10.1075/lab.15040.bia · Cited by 121 · see citing works
The Bilingual Advantage Debate
Paap, K. R. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119387725.ch34 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Speed of processing, anticipation, inhibition and working memory in bilinguals
Bonifacci, P., Giombini, L., Bellocchi, S., & Contento, S. G. (2010) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.00974.x · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Roß, J., & Melinger, A. (2016) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12405 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Bilingualism and Inhibitory Control Influence Statistical Learning of Novel Word Forms
Bartolotti, J., Marian, V., Schroeder, S. R., & Shook, A. (2011) · Front. Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00324 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Ağırdağ, O., & Vanlaar, G. (2016) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/1367006916658711 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Verbal and nonverbal cognitive control in bilinguals and interpreters.
Woumans, E., Ceuleers, E., der Linden, L. V., Szmalec, A., & Duyck, W. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000107 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Attention during visual search: The benefit of bilingualism
Friesen, D. C., Latman, V. V., Calvo, A., & Bialystok, E. (2014) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/1367006914534331 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
The impact of bilingualism on executive functions and working memory in young adults
Antón, E., Carreiras, M., & Duñabeitia, J. A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0206770 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Kuijper, S., Hartman, C., Bogaerds-Hazenberg, S. T. M., & Hendriks, P. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000231 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Are simultaneous interpreters expert bilinguals, unique bilinguals, or both?
Babcock, L., & Vallesi, A. (2015) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728915000735 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Interference Control In Elderly Bilinguals: Appearances Can Be Misleading
Ansaldo, A., Ghazi-Saidi, L., & Adrover-Roig, D. (2015) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2014.990359 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Neuroanatomical Evidence in Support of the Bilingual Advantage Theory
Olulade, O. A., Jamal, N. I., Koo, D. S., Perfetti, C. A., LaSasso, C. J., & Eden, G. F. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv152 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
IDENTIFYING A THRESHOLD FOR THE EXECUTIVE FUNCTION ADVANTAGE IN BILINGUAL CHILDREN
CAT, C. D., Gusnanto, A., & Serratrice, L. (2017) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263116000486 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Grundy, J. G., Chung-Fat-Yim, A., Friesen, D. C., Mak, L., & Bialystok, E. (2017) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2017.02.010 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Hartanto, A., & Yang, H. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000672 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
The impact of bilingual environments on selective attention in infancy
Comishen, K. J., Bialystok, E., & Adler, S. A. (2019) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12797 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Effects of classroom bilingualism on task‐shifting, verbal memory, and word learning in children
Kaushanskaya, M., Gross, M. C., & Buac, M. (2014) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12142 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Nicolay, A.-C., & Poncelet, M. (2012) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728912000375 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Kousaie, S., & Phillips, N. A. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.11.013 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Musical training, bilingualism, and executive function: working memory and inhibitory control
LaPlume, A. A., Moradzadeh, L., & Wiseheart, M. (2018) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-018-0095-6 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Language experience changes language and cognitive ability
Bialystok, E., & Poarch, G. J. (2014) · Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s11618-014-0491-8 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The Longitudinal Effect of Bilingual Immersion Schooling on Cognitive Control and Intelligence*
Woumans, E., Surmont, J., Struys, E., & Duyck, W. (2016) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12171 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
de Putte, E. V., Baene, W. D., García‐Pentón, L., Woumans, E., Dijkgraaf, A., & Duyck, W. (2017) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2017.11.024 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Athanasopoulos, P., & Kasai, C. (2007) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716408080053 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The Cognitive Science of Bilingualism
Dong, Y., & Li, P. (2015) · Language and Linguistics Compass · doi:10.1111/lnc3.12099 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Dong, Y., & Xie, Z. (2014) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2014.924951 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The effect of script similarity on executive control in bilinguals
Coderre, E. L., & van Heuven, W. J. B. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01070 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Data trimming procedure can eliminate bilingual cognitive advantage
Zhou, B., & Krott, A. (2015) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-015-0981-6 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Mamiya, P. C., Richards, T. L., & Kuhl, P. K. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00118 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Rai, M. K., Loschky, L. C., Harris, R., Peck, N. R., & Cook, L. G. (2010) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00592.x · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Cultural Effects Rather Than a Bilingual Advantage in Cognition: A Review and an Empirical Study
Samuel, S., Roehr‐Brackin, K., Pak, H., & Kim, H. (2018) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12672 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Is bilingualism associated with better working memory capacity? A meta-analysis
Monnier, C., Boiché, J., Armandon, P., Baudoin, S., & Bellocchi, S. (2021) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.1080/13670050.2021.1908220 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The effects of bilingualism on efficiency and lateralization of attentional networks
Marzecová, A., Asanowicz, D., KRIVÁ, L., & Wodniecka, Z. (2012) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728912000569 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Language dominance and inhibition abilities in bilingual older adults
Goral, M., Campanelli, L., & Spiro, A. (2013) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728913000126 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Does language proficiency modulate oculomotor control? Evidence from Hindi–English bilinguals
Singh, N., & Mishra, R. K. (2012) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728912000065 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Clare, L., Whitaker, C. J., Craik, F. I. M., Bialystok, E., Martyr, A., Martin‐Forbes, P. A., Bastable, A. J. M., Pye, K. L., Quinn, C., THOMAS, E. M., et al. (2014) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1111/jnp.12061 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
A Bilingual Advantage? An Appeal for a Change in Perspective and Recommendations for Future Research
Poarch, G. J., & Krott, A. (2019) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs9090095 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Soveri, A., Laine, M., Hämäläinen, H., & Hugdahl, K. (2010) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728910000118 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Brito, N. H., Grenell, A., & Barr, R. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01369 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Rothman, J., Cabrelli, J., & de Bot, K. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139051729.023 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Pierce, L. J., Genesee, F. H., Delcenserie, A., & Morgan, G. (2017) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716417000236 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Marzecová, A., Bukowski, M., Correa, Á., Boros, M., Lupiáñez, J., & Wodniecka, Z. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2013.809348 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Bilingual advantage and language switch: What's the linkage?
Scaltritti, M., Peressotti, F., & Miozzo, M. (2015) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728915000565 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
A public policy perspective on English medium instruction in China
Hu, G., & Alsagoff, L. (2010) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2010.489950 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Tse, C., & Altarriba, J. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00954 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Cognitive consequences of trilingualism
Schroeder, S. R., & Marian, V. (2016) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/1367006916637288 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Henrard, S., & Daele, A. V. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01870 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The interaction between inhibitory control and corrective feedback timing
Yılmaz, Y., & Sağdıç, A. (2019) · ITL Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1075/itl.19010.yil · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Consequences of multilingualism for neural architecture
Hayakawa, S. L., & Marian, V. (2019) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/s12993-019-0157-z · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Kałamała, P., Szewczyk, J., Chuderski, A., Senderecka, M., & Wodniecka, Z. (2020) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104373 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Yurtsever, A., Anderson, J. A. E., & Grundy, J. G. (2023) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2023.101084 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Bilingualism modifies cognition through adaptation, not transfer
Bialystok, E. (2024) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2024.07.012 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bialystok, E., Martin, M. M., & Viswanathan, M.
- Affiliations
- York University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Bialystok, Ellen
- ORCID
- Bialystok, Ellen
- Venue
- International Journal of Bilingualism
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2005-03
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 103-119
- ISSN
- 1367-0069 (ISSN-L)
- 1756-6878
- OpenAlex
- W2039187374
- Cited by
- 398
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 1.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Bilingualism (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- bilingualism, inhibitory control, attentional control, Simon task, stimulus-response compatibility, aging, lifespan development, bilingual advantage, children, older adults, young adults
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review