On the bilingual advantage in conflict processing: Now you see it, now you don’t
Abstract
We report two experiments exploring more in detail the bilingual advantage in conflict resolution tasks. In particular, we focus on the origin of the bilingual advantage on overall reaction times in the flanker task. Bilingual and monolingual participants were asked to perform a flanker task under different task versions. In Experiment 1, we used two low-monitoring versions where most of the trials were of just one type (either congruent or incongruent). In Experiment 2, we used two high-monitoring versions where congruent and incongruent trials were more evenly distributed. An effect of bilingualism in overall reaction times was only present in the high-monitoring condition. These results reveal that when the task at hand recruits a good deal of monitoring resources, bilinguals outperform monolinguals. This observation suggests that bilingualism may affect the monitoring processes involved in executive control.
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For young adults, bilingual advantages tend to appear on demanding tasks or conditions that require greater monitoring and switching.
“It appears that bilingual advantages for young adults tend to emerge on tasks or conditions that are difficult.”
From Bilingualism: consequences for mind and brain (2012) · cites this paper as [85]
When monitoring demands are low, the bilingual advantage is usually absent.
“In such low-monitoring conditions the bilingual advantage is typically not found.”
From Bilingualism: consequences for mind and brain (2012) · cites this paper as [85]
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- Authors
- Costa, A., Hernández, M., Costa-Faidella, J., & Sebastián-Gallés, N.
- Affiliations
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ES)
- Universitat de Barcelona (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Costa, Albert
- Venue
- Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 135-149
- ISSN
- 0010-0277 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2114225305
- Cited by
- 800
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 9.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Categorization, perception, and language
- Keywords
- bilingualism, bilingual advantage, conflict processing, flanker task, reaction time, task monitoring, executive function, cognitive control
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Attention, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Photic Stimulation, Problem Solving, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Multilingualism, Young Adult
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