Mechanical behaviour of additively manufactured lunar regolith simulant components
Open accessAbstract
Additive manufacturing and its related techniques have frequently been put forward as a promising candidate for planetary in-situ manufacturing, from building life-sustaining habitats on the Moon to fabricating various replacements parts, aiming to support future extra-terrestrial human activity. This paper investigates the mechanical behaviour of lunar regolith simulant material components, which is a potential future space engineering material, manufactured by a laser-based powder bed fusion additive manufacturing system. The influence of laser energy input during processing was associated with the evolution of component porosity, measured via optical and scanning electron microscopy in combination with gas expansion pycnometry. The compressive strength performance and Vickers micro-hardness of the components were analysed and related back to the processing history and resultant microstructure of the lunar regolith simulant build material. Fabricated structures exhibited a relative porosity of 44–49% and densities ranging from 1.76 to 2.3 g cm −3 , with a maximum compressive strength of 4.2 ± 0.1 MPa and elastic modulus of 287.3 ± 6.6 MPa, the former is comparable to a typical masonry clay brick (3.5 MPa). The additive manufacturing parts also had an average hardness value of 657 ± 14 HV 0.05/15 , better than borosilicate glass (580 HV). This study has shed significant insight into realising the potential of a laser-based powder bed fusion additive manufacturing process to deliver functional engineering assets via in-situ and abundant material sources that can be potentially used for future engineering applications in aerospace and astronautics.
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Goulas et al. reported maximum compressive strength of 4.2 ± 0.1 MPa, elastic modulus of 287.3 ± 6.6 MPa, and average hardness 657 ± 14 HV for printed regolith.
“The authors reported a maximum compressive strength of 4 . 2 ± 0 . 1 MPa , an elastic modulus of 287 . 3 ± 6 . 6 MPa , and an average hardness value of 657 ± 14 HV.”
From A comprehensive review of lunar-based manufacturing and construction (2024) · cites this paper as [127]
Section 3.6 (pp. 25, 28–29) reports the claimed maximum compressive strength and average hardness for additively manufactured lunar regolith simulant. It also reports an elastic modulus of 287.3 MPa, but gives its uncertainty as ±6.4 MPa on p. 25; the Conclusions (p. 34) give ±6.7 MPa, not the claimed ±6.6 MPa. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe enhanced mechanical properties of HIT-L-1 prints compared to Goulas et al. are attributed to higher energy input, facilitating sufficient melting, improved fusion, and inter-layer bonding.
“These enhanced mechanical properties, compared to those reported by Goulas et al. [126,127], are attributed to the higher energy input, facilitating sufficient melting, improved fusion, and inter-layer bonding.”
From A comprehensive review of lunar-based manufacturing and construction (2024) · cites this paper as [127]
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ОСОБЕННОСТИ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ СЛС ПРИ СПЛАВЛЕНИИ ПРИРОДНОГО МАТЕРИАЛА – ЛУННОГО РЕГОЛИТА
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Laser Innovations for Space: System Development and Utilization
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- Authors
- Goulas, A., Binner, J. G., Engstrøm, D. S., Harris, R. A., & Friel, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Loughborough University (GB)
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Lund University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Goulas, Athanasios
- Venue
- Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-05-28
- Volume
- 233
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1629-1644
- ISSN
- 1464-4207 (ISSN-L)
- 2041-3076
- OpenAlex
- W2807219478
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 2.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- urn.kb.se
- Locations
- Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part L Journal of Materials Design and Applications (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- Hogskolan Ihalmstad (Halmstad University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Loughborough University Research Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials
- Keywords
- lunar regolith simulant, powder bed fusion, laser powder bed fusion, in-situ resource utilization, porosity, compressive strength, Vickers microhardness, elastic modulus, laser energy input, microstructure
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