The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 33 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research
Open accessAbstract
Reflexivity is acknowledged as a crucial concept and is pivotal in the methodology of qualitative research. Various practices of reflexivity are adopted in the social science disciplines. However, the concept is difficult to pin down and the challenge for researchers is to address how to become reflexive and do reflexivity in research practice. In social work, reflexivity has further been developed and applied in practice contexts. The practice terms, critical reflection and reflection or reflectivity are interrelated in ways that aim to explain reflexivity in the profession which, in turn, can offer an enhanced understanding of reflexivity applied in research. This exploratory article promotes practising reflection – questioning, analysing and evaluating oneself in employing reflexivity in all the research stages: methodological construction, data collection and data analysis by undertaking three key self-focused activities: (1) thinking about one’s own thinking; (2) observation of emotions/thoughts, role boundaries and power dynamics in research relationships; and (3) exploration of perceptual experiences. Maintaining the reflexive stance is achieved through reflectivity. The article is largely descriptive but draws on experience in a doctoral study of cultural competence and promotes the effective use of reflexivity in qualitative social work research.
Overview
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TL;DR
This exploratory article argues that reflexivity in qualitative social work research can be enacted through reflection across methodological construction, data collection, and data analysis, using three self-focused activities. Drawing on the first author’s PhD study of cultural competence development, it illustrates how reflexivity can surface assumptions, emotions, positioning, and power dynamics, while noting that reflexivity is difficult, time-consuming, and not a natural skill.
Key findings
- Reflexivity is hard to pin down, and the article proposes practising reflection—questioning, analysing, and evaluating oneself—through three self-focused activities: (1) thinking about one’s own thinking; (2) observing emotions/thoughts, role boundaries, and power dynamics in research relationships; and (3) exploring perceptual experiences.
- Reflection/reflectivity is presented as a prerequisite for reflexivity; in data analysis, the author describes a subject-object-subject analysis, illustrated through re-examining Māori participants’ meanings of cultural competence and the researcher’s own interpretations.
- In the first author’s doctoral study, recruitment did not set specific categorised groups; participants came from diverse backgrounds identifying with at least 10 different cultural and race/ethnic groups. Reflexivity revealed fluid insider/outsider positioning and power differentials, and the author states that reflexivity might not be a method of managing power imbalance.
- The article concludes that both reflectivity and reflexivity are needed to understand participants’ experiences and one’s own, and that reflexivity can awaken consciousness of the researcher’s subjective/personal involvement in research.
Methods
- Exploratory, largely descriptive article drawing on the first author’s PhD study of cultural competence development (Ide, 2021), with the second author as supervisor; ethical approval was received from the University of Auckland Human Participants Ethics Committee on 4 June 2015.
- The study used qualitative research stages—methodological construction, data collection, and data analysis—and drew on critical realism (Bhaskar, 1978) and social constructionist perspectives.
- The article illustrates reflexivity through the first author’s research journals, notes, and interview examples, including interviews with student participants and Māori social workers; no formal sample size or systematic analysis procedure is reported.
Limitations
- The paper states that reflexivity is not a natural skill but can be improved by education and training; it is time-consuming, researchers may not always have enough time for adequate reflection, and the process can involve emotional challenges such as discomfort, frustration, and vulnerability.
- The paper also states that how awareness and/or insight emerges from reflexivity is not well known, necessary techniques may not be clear, reflexivity can be considered too subjective and lead to questioning validity, and reflexivity might not manage power imbalance.
- Evident from the text: the article is largely descriptive and based on one doctoral study, with examples drawn from the first author’s reflections rather than a systematic empirical evaluation of the proposed three activities; participant sample size and formal analytic procedures are not reported.
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Claims the paper makes
26 Own interpretation · 26 No basis given · 19 No full text of the sources · 13 Own result · 6 Sources not found · 3 Supported · 2 Not checked yet · 1 Own method
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The subject-object-subject analysis (reflexivity) acknowledges the influence of subjective knowledge: '[the] reflexive approach does form the basis for such crucial conceptual functions as personal meaning, interpersonal and interpretive understanding, and accurate empathy as a way of knowing self and other' (Kondrat, 1999: 458).”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Discussion: Exploring perceptual experience in data analysis
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Kondrat, 1999 source
In “Reflexive Self-Awareness” (p. 7), Kondrat treats subjectivity as a way of knowing and says reflexive self-awareness underlies interpretive understanding and accurate empathy. This supports the citing sentence’s account of reflexivity and subjective knowledge. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the reflection, I acknowledged that my decisions over recruitment partially resulted from my feelings of being left out of both (Japanese and New Zealand) groups.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Methodological construction stage: Thinking about one's own thinking
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I found that researcher reflexivity is an ethical research process important in addressing power differentials by increasing awareness of the power dynamics that exist in researcher-participant relationships.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Data-collection stage: Observing fluid self-location and positioning
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“From the previous example, my insider status did not have a positive impact on the relationship by the end of the interview with the participant.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Data-collection stage: Observing fluid self-location and positioning
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another example from my study occurred when I was interviewing several M aori (indigenous people of New Zealand) social workers.I was challenged as they redirected questions about culture and cross-cultural social work practice back to me.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Data-collection stage: Observing fluid self-location and positioning
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reflexivity enabled me to address the difference without our similarities.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Data-collection stage: Observing fluid self-location and positioning
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Their meanings correspond to the Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers (ANZASW) social work Code of Ethics statement that the New Zealand social worker demonstrates an understanding of knowledge of Te Tiriti o Waitangi in their practice of social work (ANZASW, 2019).”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > An example of the reflective-reflexive process
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites ANZASW, 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Moreover, previous studies have not adequately dealt with how researchers do reflexivity and integrate it into their work (Probst, 2015).”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Probst, 2015 source
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In the paper
“The researcher's self-location (gender, race, class, sexuality, ethnicity and nationality) is an indicator of how these factors influence all stages of the research process (Pillow, 2010).”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Data-collection stage: Observing fluid self-location and positioning
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pillow, 2010 source
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Power may be seen as ingrained in the relationship in that the researchers are often positioned as powerful.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Data-collection stage: Observing fluid self-location and positioning
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 84
- It may state two separate claims as one. 30
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Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The concept stems from the Western philosophical tradition, George Herbert Mead's classic distinction between the 'I' and the 'me': reflective self-awareness distinguishes between the subject-self 'I' (knowerthe reflecting aspect of the self) and the object-self 'me' (knownthe self as reflected on) in reflection (Kondrat, 1999).”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Discussion: Exploring perceptual experience in data analysis
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Kondrat, 1999 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, Kondrat (1999) asserts that 'subjective' is used in a pejorative term (such as contaminated or biased), but it is a way of knowing something in its own right.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > An example of the reflective-reflexive process
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Kondrat, 1999 source
In “Reflexive Self-Awareness” (p. 7), Kondrat contrasts the pejorative sense of subjectivity as “contaminated” or “biased” with treating it as a valid way of knowing in its own right. This directly supports the paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In another reflection, I realised that I, unconsciously and unintentionally, avoided categorising any participant's identity as singular due to experiencing my cultural identity as changeable (being a minority Japanese in New Zealand and being a majority Japanese (however, I am often seen/perceived as an outsider) in Japan) by moving between different contexts.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Methodological construction stage: Thinking about one's own thinking
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, my decision-making for this research recruitment was spontaneous, without conscious thought.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Methodological construction stage: Thinking about one's own thinking
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In focussing on broad generalisability among the group I might have overlooked the unique experiences of individuals.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Methodological construction stage: Thinking about one's own thinking
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this article, the occurrence of reflexivity is illustrated through the first author's engagement in reflexivity, which was pivotal for her PhD study of cultural competence development.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Becoming reflexive through reflection
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A significant issue was that I lost a strong sense of self or cultural identity when trying to trace these.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Methodological construction stage: Thinking about one's own thinking
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Reflexivity was produced by a reflective process alongside reflection at different stages: methodological construction, data collection and data analysis during the research which is illustrated later.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Becoming reflexive through reflection
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Within this historical and societal context, I needed to gain trust from the participants, being Tau iwi (neither M aori nor P ak eh a (European New Zealander)) as someone who studies cultural practice.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Data-collection stage: Observing fluid self-location and positioning
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“After this reflection, I also realised that I detached a cultural self-position or maintained a nobody identity, while the participant might be her cultural self and considered the author as insider.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Data-collection stage: Observing fluid self-location and positioning
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In the paper
“I was not merely given solo privilege as a researcher in this particular context.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Data-collection stage: Observing fluid self-location and positioning
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In the paper
“This note led to questioning me about my understanding, what does Other mean to her and myself?”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > An example of the reflective-reflexive process
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a particular conversation with one participant, I was sympathetic toward her.My response came from the experience of being treated as the Other on some occasions.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > An example of the reflective-reflexive process
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In the process, I went back and forth between described experiences of participants and my understanding (awareness) of them in reflections.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > An example of the reflective-reflexive process
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In the paper
“I questioned my initial analysis by re-assessing a couple of participants' interviews where participants discussed their uncomfortable experiences of being a M aori person in New Zealand society in answering a question about their understanding and meaning of cultural competence in practice.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > An example of the reflective-reflexive process
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In the paper
“Understanding of the Treaty results in the view involving cultural competence coming from my way of seeing New Zealand societyas a multicultural society.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > An example of the reflective-reflexive process
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In the paper
“My subject-object analysis then shifted to how the participants perceive their world, analysing data by use of the subject 'I'.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > An example of the reflective-reflexive process
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In the paper
“Those participants' central focus regarding cultural competence was seemingly related to the historical issues -M aori colonisation and oppression.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > An example of the reflective-reflexive process
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In the subject-object-subject analysis, I acknowledged the 'different' realities between us and I was reflexive in perceiving their meaning differentlyif participants see New Zealand's colonial history as continuously affecting the present, not the past.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > An example of the reflective-reflexive process
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In the paper
“However, I left a note in my research journal: 'is there something that I misunderstood and or mis-interpreted here?[The participant] looked nonplussed.'”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > An example of the reflective-reflexive process
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“I more likely accept the 'Other' status from my understanding of being the Other from where I stand as a migrant, and this needed to be differentiated from what the M aori participants saw, and how they experienced their reality, as it depends on where they stand.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > An example of the reflective-reflexive process
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In the paper
“My first analysis of M aori participants' meanings of cultural competence based on their words in texts and transcripts suggest the support of M aori people and culture in social work practice.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > An example of the reflective-reflexive process
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In the paper
“Reflectivity alongside reflection, which is a step toward reflexivity exploring and elaborating in social work, guided the author in the process of reflexivity.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Conclusion
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In the paper
“In this article, the core of reflexivity, conscious self-awareness drew attention to the occurrence and integration of it into the first author's research.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Conclusion
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In the paper
“Eventually, I transformed the analysed information into some form of knowledge.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > An example of the reflective-reflexive process
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In the paper
“The examples in this article demonstrate that evocative questions have emerged from the first author's research journals and notes.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Acknowledgements
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Research is a deliberative process; however, decision-making is not completely consciously based on rational thinking and logical reasoning.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Methodological construction stage: Thinking about one's own thinking
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reflexivity in thinking helps to understand what I know and how I knowwhat are my perspectives and assumptions about the world and how my self-influence (including my emotions) has either intentionally, or unintentionally, affected the formation of the research.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Methodological construction stage: Thinking about one's own thinking
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reflexivity can be a critical lens in the researcher-participant relationship (in relation to power) through reflective practice.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Data-collection stage: Observing fluid self-location and positioning
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The research received ethical approval from the University of Auckland Human Participants Ethics Committee on 4 June 2015.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Reflexivity is acknowledged as a crucial concept and is pivotal in the methodology of qualitative research.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Abstract
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This exploratory article promotes practising reflectionquestioning, analysing and evaluating oneself in employing reflexivity in all the research stages: methodological construction, data collection and data analysis by undertaking three key self-focused activities: (1) thinking about one's own thinking; (2) observation of emotions/thoughts, role boundaries and power dynamics in research relations”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“Reflexivity can be implemented by undertaking three, self-focused activities: (1) thinking about one's own thinking; (2) observing emotions and thoughts, role boundaries and power dynamics in the research relationship; and (3) exploring perceptual experiences.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
In the paper
“Maintaining the reflexive stance is achieved through reflectivity.”
- Also stated in: § Reflexivity as applied in social work practice · plain
“A reflexive stance is contributed to by a process of reflectivity (Fook, 2016).”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Fook, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § Reflexivity as applied in social work practice · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence reflexivity can still be obscure in relation to what reflexivity is, and how to be reflexive or do reflexivity in research.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reflection is a prerequisite and entails analysing, evaluating and questioning oneself in the reflexive process.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Also, the process of reflexivity is time-consuming, researchers may not always have enough time for adequate reflection (Probst and Berenson, 2014).”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Reflexivity as applied in social work practice
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Probst and Berenson, 2014 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Two distinct cultures: an indigenous M aori culture and a largely Anglo-European New Zealand national culture, co-exist, often uncomfortably, within the society, incorporating the values and traditions of both cultures and reflecting this society's customs, laws, practices and institutional arrangements (Eketone and Walker, 2015).”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Data-collection stage: Observing fluid self-location and positioning
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Eketone and Walker, 2015 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The profession aspires to bicultural practice, based on The Treaty of Waitangi (henceforth, in M aori language Te Tiriti o Waitangi), which is a partnership between various tribes of M aori and the British Crown signed in 1840 (Eketone and Walker, 2015;Ruwhiu, 2013).”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Data-collection stage: Observing fluid self-location and positioning
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Eketone and Walker, 2015 source
- Not matchedcites Ruwhiu, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“New Zealand social work has increasingly focused on its colonial origins as a British colony with significant European settlement in the 19th century (Beddoe, 2018).”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Data-collection stage: Observing fluid self-location and positioning
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Beddoe, 2018 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Firstly, reflexivity implies emancipatory practice, which is an inspection of professional knowledge and practice in relation to power (D ' Cruz et al., 2007).”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Reflexivity as applied in social work practice
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites D ' Cruz et al., 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reflexivity seemingly brings researchers' subconsciousness into awareness.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Becoming reflexive through reflection
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reflexivity reveals researcher-participant power differentials and unequalised power, not only in the immediate interviewing context but also in wider social and cultural contexts.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Data-collection stage: Observing fluid self-location and positioning
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study of culture or related to culture was a sensitive issue as well as an area of expertise on the topic for M aori people due to the ongoing struggle for their recognition and rights due to the country's history of colonisation.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Data-collection stage: Observing fluid self-location and positioning
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reflexivity often focuses (becoming aware of power) on privileged researchers.However, it is not always the case.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Data-collection stage: Observing fluid self-location and positioning
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“On the other hand, while reflexivity has become significant in the production of qualitative research, the necessary techniques may not be clear (Day, 2012), and it can be considered too subjective (Finlay, 2002) leading to questioning the validity of the research.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Methodological reflexivity
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Reflexive researchers are encouraged to manage power differences by empowering and collaborating with research participants (Day, 2012).”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Data-collection stage: Observing fluid self-location and positioning
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Day, 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The capability of reflection on a deeper level is crucial for reflexivity; however, it is seldom mentioned in the research field (Mortari, 2015).”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Reflexivity as applied in social work practice
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mortari, 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reflectivity involved inter/intrapersonal dimensions in reflection assist being reflexive/doing reflexively.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Discussion: Exploring perceptual experience in data analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, researcher's reflexivity, which entails reflection on the process of knowledge production and meaning-making based on theoretical (as well as personal) assumptions is indispensable.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Methodological reflexivity
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Furthermore, reflexivity involves an observation of the power imbalance between researcher and participant.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Data-collection stage: Observing fluid self-location and positioning
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Day, 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The process forms a dichotomy between the knower of self (subject) and the self as known (object) in reflection (Yan and Wong, 2005).”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Discussion: Exploring perceptual experience in data analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Yan and Wong, 2005 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As previously illustrated, reflexivity in thinking and observing has presented as understanding oneself (assumptions, emotions, self-location and positioning) that leads to recognising others.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Discussion: Exploring perceptual experience in data analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, reflexivity might not be a method of managing power imbalance.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Data-collection stage: Observing fluid self-location and positioning
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Fixed researcher positionality is problematic as any person cannot be completely outside or inside as the researcher is flexible in their insider-outsider positioning (Eppley, 2006;Hallawell, 2006).”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Data-collection stage: Observing fluid self-location and positioning
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Eppley, 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Hallawell, 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The role of subject who reflects and the object which is reflectedthat is, the subject becomes the object of the analysis (Mortari, 2015).”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Discussion: Exploring perceptual experience in data analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mortari, 2015 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Power is not something that is intrinsically held by persons but by peoples and groups; they are positioned differently within power structures, and power is not equally distributed (Day, 2012).”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Data-collection stage: Observing fluid self-location and positioning
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Day, 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Reflection entails a subject-object analysis or subject 'I' analysis as Finlay (2002) mentioned.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Discussion: Exploring perceptual experience in data analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Finlay, 2002 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They are able to recognise and address the assumptions and preconceptions that may affect knowledge production and the process.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Becoming reflexive through reflection
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The process is a source of insight through becoming more reflexive (Figure 1).”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Discussion: Exploring perceptual experience in data analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The subject-object analysis is an objective analysis of self in reflection.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Discussion: Exploring perceptual experience in data analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Making oneself the object of self-inquiry becomes the subject of his or her experience (Mortari, 2015).”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Discussion: Exploring perceptual experience in data analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mortari, 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For instance, understanding a researcher's perceived reality can expand their thinking about others' perceived reality, while these realities may not be identical.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Discussion: Exploring perceptual experience in data analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“'With this view, New Zealand could not claim to be multicultural because government institutions and policies only accommodate one, or at best two, cultural ways of being, knowing, valuing, and doing' (Eketone and Walker, 2015: 108).”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > An example of the reflective-reflexive process
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Eketone and Walker, 2015 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since the ideas of social constructionism have been absorbed into social work and practice, social workers' reflexivity can be more attentive to such things as reflective practice, interpreting clients' problems and knowledge in/of practice.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Conclusion
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Reflexivity is, however, not a natural skill but one which can be improved by education and training (Mortari, 2015).”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Acknowledgements
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mortari, 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“My perception of the world and subjective knowledge is essential for understanding experiences of Others and interpreting the participants' realities.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > An example of the reflective-reflexive process
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A reflexive researcher can consider participants' perception of the world by recognising their self-view influence.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Discussion: Exploring perceptual experience in data analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reflexivity is a post-examination of the subject-object analysis by the subject 'I' (the knower).”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Discussion: Exploring perceptual experience in data analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reflexivity can awaken the consciousness of the researcher's subjective/personal involvement in research.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Discussion: Exploring perceptual experience in data analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reflexivity involves exploring and examining perceptual experienceshow we perceive participant (and researcher) experiences.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Discussion: Exploring perceptual experience in data analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“These provide an initial mapping of a researcher's own thinking and observe any changes from the beginning, middle and end of the research (Pillow, 2010).”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Acknowledgements
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Pillow, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Eketone and Walker (2015) explain that, in a multicultural society, it is often understood that non-dominant cultural groups are not fully accommodatedthey live under the country's laws and customs within a society in which a power dynamic is generated where the privileged in the society maintain monoculturalism.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > An example of the reflective-reflexive process
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Eketone and Walker, 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, such reflection focuses more on emotions and thoughts towards interpretations about reality/experience of that subject and may exclude comparing different interpretationsand discussing interpretations behind these interpretations.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Discussion: Exploring perceptual experience in data analysis
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In qualitative research, reflexivity enables researchers to recognise their presence and particular ways of seeing and thinking and acknowledging that what they see influences how they see their world and others.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reflexivity can include that, although it may not occur spontaneously.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Discussion: Exploring perceptual experience in data analysis
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The process is vital as we tend to see others from our (different/privileged) standpoint.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Discussion: Exploring perceptual experience in data analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The outcomes of reflexivity bring insights such as new thoughts or understandings about how the reality(ies) between the two can be constructed and adjusted through the researcher's internal dialogue.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Discussion: Exploring perceptual experience in data analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“On the other hand, Aotearoa New Zealand uniquely recognises biculturalism stemming from Te Tiriti o Waitangi, a formal, political, social and cultural structure within the country coexists between two cultures.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > An example of the reflective-reflexive process
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Eketone and Walker, 2015 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers' understanding of their world, participants' views of their world, and then addressing and comparing differences by recognising the influence of the researcher's self-view can bring together each other's knowledge and experiences in creating new knowledge.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If so, their strong resistance to one dominant culture in social work practice by embracing their culture makes much sense.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > An example of the reflective-reflexive process
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reflexivity is often perceived as uncertainty due to its construction within various theoretical frameworks and, as a result, there are several practices of it in research.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Pillow (2010) strongly suggests that researchers, in particular novice researchers, consistently keep researcher logs, field notes and journals.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Acknowledgements
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Pillow, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, we need both reflectivity and reflexivity for understanding and interpretation of the experiences of participants as well as our own.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Discussion: Exploring perceptual experience in data analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The process may be back and forth to check/evaluate the researcher's perception of the world and participants (it can include cross-checking with them).”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Acknowledgements
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reflection was crucial for being reflexive and doing reflexivity.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Acknowledgements
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That leads to further reflexivity to review the findings through analysing the process of knowledge the researcher is generatingquestioning the interpretation of the Other's lived experience using the researcher's own words and paradigms to present the Other's experience.”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Acknowledgements
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
There is a link between the existing world and perceptions of the world that are not identical.
“A crucial point is that there is a significant assumption of a link between the existing world and perceptions of the world that are not identical.”
The paper relies on this without support.
How awareness and/or insight emerges from reflexivity is not well known.
“However, how such awareness and/ or insight emerges from reflexivity is not well known.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The first author's self-reflections accurately capture her unconscious motivations and experiences.
“In another reflection, I realised that I, unconsciously and unintentionally, avoided categorising any participant's identity as singular due to experiencing my cultural identity as changeable”
The paper relies on this without support.
The first author's reflections and research journal notes accurately represent her experiences and internal states during the interviews.
“However, I left a note in my research journal: 'is there something that I misunderstood and or mis-interpreted here?[The participant] looked nonplussed.'”
“The examples in this article demonstrate that evocative questions have emerged from the first author's research journals and notes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The first author's interpretations of participants' meanings and experiences are accurate.
“My first analysis of M aori participants' meanings of cultural competence based on their words in texts and transcripts suggest the support of M aori people and culture in social work practice.”
“Those participants' central focus regarding cultural competence was seemingly related to the historical issues -M aori colonisation and oppression.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Methodological reflexivity
“(Hallawell, 2006)”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > References
“Hellawell D (2006) Inside-out: analysis of the insider-outsider concept as a heuristic device to develop reflexivity in students doing qualitative research.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > Introduction
“(D ' Cruz et al., 2007)”
§ Challenging perspectives: Reflexivity as a critical approach to qualitative social work research > References
“D'Cruz H, Gillingham P and Melendez S (2005) Reflexivity, its meanings and relevance for social work: a critical review of the literature.”
Citations
Cites
Handbook of Qualitative Research
Crozier, G., Denzin, N., & Lincoln, Y. (1994) · British Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.2307/3121684 · Cited by 26,666
Handbook of Qualitative Research.
Fine, G. A., Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1995) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2076550 · Cited by 7,800
Successful Qualitative Research: A practical guide for beginners
Jamieson, J., Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2014) · QMiP Bulletin · doi:10.53841/bpsqmip.2014.1.18.39 · Cited by 6,673
Watts, J. H., & Roberson, C. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.1201/b16015-6 · Cited by 6,518
Conceptual and design thinking for thematic analysis.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2022) · Qualitative Psychology · doi:10.1037/qup0000196 · Cited by 4,502 · cited 1×
“…approaches are arguable in the study of subjectivity and lived experience within qualitative paradigms; particularly in a social constructionist orientation: ‘ Language is conceptualised as active and symbolic, as creating rather than simply re fl ecting meaning ’ (Braun and Clarke, 2021: 6).”
BackgroundNow I see it, now I don’t: researcher’s position and reflexivity in qualitative research
Berger, R. (2015) · Qualitative Research · doi:10.1177/1468794112468475 · Cited by 4,031
The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action
Schön, D. A., & DeSanctis, V. (1986) · The Journal of Continuing Higher Education · doi:10.1080/07377366.1986.10401080 · Cited by 3,311
Pillow, W. S. (2003) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/0951839032000060635 · Cited by 2,621 · cited 6×
“Several studies have reported de fi nitions of re-fl exivity (Pillow, 2003; Finlay, 2002; Fook, 1999), typologies (Day, 2012; D ’ Cruz et al., 2007; Longhofer and Floersch, 2012) and utilities (Berger, 2015; Probst, 2015).”
BackgroundInfluential(2008) · Cited by 2,615
“Outing” the Researcher: The Provenance, Process, and Practice of Reflexivity
Finlay, L. (2002) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/104973202129120052 · Cited by 1,937 · cited 14×
“In fi eld studies, ethnographers (out-siders) have been portrayed as a part of a group and reported the interpretation of their experience of being an insider in detached scrutinising what we know and how we know (Finlay, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- ANZASW, 2019, Code of Ethics
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Baily, A. (2025) · Research Methods in Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1016/j.rmal.2025.100183 · Cited by 25
Using scaffolds to support preservice teachers’ reflective practice
Chaseley, T., & Abercrombie, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1621269 · Cited by 15
Embedding Reflexivity in Social Work Research through the Critical Reflexive Framework
Rogers, M. M., & Allen, D. (2023) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcad245 · Cited by 15
Yang, P., Huang, W., Shen, H., Yang, H., & Gao, C. (2025) · Journal of English for Academic Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.jeap.2025.101510 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Ide, Y., & Beddoe, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Auckland (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Ide, Yayoi
- Venue
- Qualitative Social Work
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2023-04-28
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 725-740
- ISSN
- 1473-3250 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-3117
- OpenAlex
- W4367316670
- Semantic Scholar
- d4a233749dcc01a60af181f0b2f57734c2dacbc3
- Cited by
- 177
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 83 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 5
- FWCI
- 52.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Qualitative Social Work (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- ResearchSpace (University of Auckland) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics
- Social Sciences › Public Administration › Social Work Education and Practice
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Keywords
- reflexivity, critical reflection, reflectivity, research relationships, power relations, role boundaries, emotions in research, perceptual experience, cultural competence, researcher self-awareness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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