The DOI matches its Crossref record; 162 of the 162 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Neurobiology of Conditioned and Unconditioned Fear: A Neurobehavioral System Analysis of the Amygdala
Abstract
A neurobehavioral system approach to conditioned and unconditioned fear is presented. By employing reproducible fear behaviors in Pavlovian conditioning and unconditioned fear paradigms, it has been possible to delineate some differences in neural circuitry and cellular biology for conditioned and unconditioned fear. It is suggested that the basolateral complex of the amygdala and the central nucleus of the amygdala are part of the neural circuitry for fear conditioning but not for unconditioned fear to a predator odor. Furthermore, changes in expression of the transcription factor early growth response gene 1 in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala are shown to be important for contextual fear conditioning but not for unconditioned fear to a predator odor. In addition, data suggest that although conditioning to a synthetic predator odor, trimethylthiazoline, has been difficult to demonstrate, conditioning can occur by modifying by the environment. Finally, the relevance of the animal studies to human anxiety disorders is discussed.
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“Freezing is a universal fear response, observed both in reaction to conditioned (learned) or unconditioned (acutely threatening) stimuli or situations [22].”
From Freeze for action: neurobiological mechanisms in animal and human freezing (2017) · cites this paper as [22]
Citations
Cites
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Mermet-Joret, N., Nazari, M., Pommer, A. T., Ansarifar, S., Luz, J. S., Vestergaard, A.-K., & Nabavi, S. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.08.26.747219
Metadata
- Authors
- Rosen, J. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Delaware (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rosen, Jeffrey B.
- ORCID
- Rosen, Jeffrey B.
- Venue
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-03
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 23-41
- ISSN
- 1534-5823 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-4159
- OpenAlex
- W2094973377
- Cited by
- 219
- References
- 160
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 7.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- fear conditioning, unconditioned fear, amygdala, basolateral amygdala, central amygdala, lateral amygdala, early growth response gene-1, contextual fear conditioning, predator odor, neural circuits, anxiety disorders, classical conditioning
- MeSH terms
- Amygdala, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Conditioning, Psychological, Fear, Nerve Net, Shock, Smell, Rats
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