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The Neurobiology of Conditioned and Unconditioned Fear: A Neurobehavioral System Analysis of the Amygdala

Rosen, Jeffrey B.·2004·Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews

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Abstract

A neurobehavioral system approach to conditioned and unconditioned fear is presented. By employing reproducible fear behaviors in Pavlovian conditioning and unconditioned fear paradigms, it has been possible to delineate some differences in neural circuitry and cellular biology for conditioned and unconditioned fear. It is suggested that the basolateral complex of the amygdala and the central nucleus of the amygdala are part of the neural circuitry for fear conditioning but not for unconditioned fear to a predator odor. Furthermore, changes in expression of the transcription factor early growth response gene 1 in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala are shown to be important for contextual fear conditioning but not for unconditioned fear to a predator odor. In addition, data suggest that although conditioning to a synthetic predator odor, trimethylthiazoline, has been difficult to demonstrate, conditioning can occur by modifying by the environment. Finally, the relevance of the animal studies to human anxiety disorders is discussed.

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Self-citation

Authors: Rosen, J. B.
Affiliations: University of Delaware (US)
Corresponding author: Rosen, Jeffrey B.
ORCID: Rosen, Jeffrey B.
Venue: Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2004-03
Volume: 3
Issue: 1
Pages: 23-41
ISSN: 1534-5823 (ISSN-L)
1552-4159
DOI: 10.1177/1534582304265945
OpenAlex: W2094973377
Cited by: 219
References: 160
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 7.72
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords: fear conditioning, unconditioned fear, amygdala, basolateral amygdala, central amygdala, lateral amygdala, early growth response gene-1, contextual fear conditioning, predator odor, neural circuits, anxiety disorders, classical conditioning
MeSH terms: Amygdala, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Conditioning, Psychological, Fear, Nerve Net, Shock, Smell, Rats

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The Neurobiology of Conditioned and Unconditioned Fear: A Neurobehavioral System Analysis of the Amygdala

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