Spiritual Care Training Provided to Healthcare Professionals: A Systematic Review

Paal, Piret; Helo, Yousef; Frick, Eckhard

doi:10.1177/1542305015572955

Cited by 158Religion, Spirituality, and PsychologyWorkplace Spirituality and LeadershipCultural Competency in Health Care

Spiritual Care Training Provided to Healthcare Professionals: A Systematic Review

Paal, Piret, Helo, Yousef, Frick, Eckhard·2015·Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling: Advancing theory and professional practice through scholarly and reflective publications

DOI 10.1177/1542305015572955

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Abstract

This systematic review was conducted to assess the outcomes of spiritual care training. It outlines the training outcomes based on participants' oral/written feedback, course evaluation and performance assessment. Intervention was defined as any form of spiritual care training provided to healthcare professionals studying/working in an academic and/or clinical setting. An online search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, ERIC, PsycINFO, ASSIA, CSA, ATLA and CENTRAL up to Week 27 of 2013 by two independent investigators to reduce errors in inclusion. Only peer-reviewed journal articles reporting on training outcomes were included. A primary keyword-driven search found 4912 articles; 46 articles were identified as relevant for final analysis. The narrative synthesis of findings outlines the following outcomes: (1) acknowledging spirituality on an individual level, (2) success in integrating spirituality in clinical practice, (3) positive changes in communication with patients. This study examines primarily pre/post-effects within a single cohort. Due to an average study quality, the reported findings in this review are to be seen as indicators at most. Nevertheless, this review makes evident that without attending to one'the repeliefs and needs, addressing spirituality in patients will not be forthcoming. It also demonstrates that spiritual care training may help to challenge the spiritual vacuum in healthcare institutions.

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Two systematic reviews have summarized evidence concerning the available instruments for taking a SH and assessing spiritual suffering.
“Two systematic reviews have summarized evidence concerning the available instruments for taking a SH and assessing spiritual suffering.35,36”
From Brazilian Psychiatric Association guidelines on the integration of spirituality into mental health clinical practice: Part 1. Spiritual history and differential diagnosis (2023) · cites this paper as [36]
The FICA instrument obtained the highest scores for clinical utility and applicability and is among the most commonly used instruments.
“An instrument known as Faith, Importance/Influence, Community, and Action/Address in care (FICA) obtained the highest scores for clinical utility and applicability and is among the most commonly used instruments.”
From Brazilian Psychiatric Association guidelines on the integration of spirituality into mental health clinical practice: Part 1. Spiritual history and differential diagnosis (2023) · cites this paper as [36]
Most of the 25 instruments for taking a SH were developed for general use in clinical practice.
“Most of the 25 instruments were developed for general use in clinical practice.”
From Brazilian Psychiatric Association guidelines on the integration of spirituality into mental health clinical practice: Part 1. Spiritual history and differential diagnosis (2023) · cites this paper as [36]
Only two instruments for taking a SH have been developed specifically for mental health: the Royal College of Psychiatrists Assessment and the Spiritual Assessment Interview.
“Only two such instruments have been developed specifically for mental health: the Royal College of Psychiatrists Assessment and the Spiritual Assessment Interview.”
From Brazilian Psychiatric Association guidelines on the integration of spirituality into mental health clinical practice: Part 1. Spiritual history and differential diagnosis (2023) · cites this paper as [36]

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Health Policy and Management, Religion, and Spirituality
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A Survey on the Integration of Spiritual Care in Medical Schools from the German-Speaking Faculties
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Spiritual care training in healthcare: Does it really have an impact?
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Religion, Spirituality and Folk Medicine/Superstition in a Neonatal Unit
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Perceived professional competence in spiritual care and predictive role of spiritual intelligence in Iranian nursing students
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Reporting spiritual needs of older adults living in Bavarian residential and nursing homes
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Spiritual needs in Denmark: a population-based cross-sectional survey linked to Danish national registers
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A 10-Year Longitudinal Study of Effects of a Multifaceted Residency Spiritual Care Curriculum: Clinical Ability, Professional Formation, End of Life, and Culture.
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“Spirituality is everybody’s business”: an exploration of the impact of spiritual care training upon the perceptions and practice of rehabilitation professionals
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Learning to care for the spirit of dying patients: the impact of spiritual care training in a hospice-setting
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Spiritual care by nurses in curative oncology: a mixed‐method study on patients’ perspectives and experiences
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Expert Discussion on Taking a Spiritual History
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Developing a Medical School Curriculum for Psychological, Moral, and Spiritual Wellness: Student and Faculty Perspectives
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Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the spiritual care competency scale in nursing practice: a methodological study
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The use of islamic spiritual care practices among critically ill adult patients: A systematic review
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The relationship between psychiatric nurses' spiritual care practices, perceptions and their competency
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Information needs of Malaysian parents of children with cancer: A qualitative study
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The Interdisciplinary Spiritual Care Model – A holistic Approach to Patient Care
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Existential aspects in the transition to parenthood based on interviews and a theatre workshop
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Norwegian psychotherapy: religiosity gap and spiritual care competence
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Improving psychiatric nurses’ competencies in spiritual care and integration of clients’ religion/spirituality into mental healthcare: outcomes of an online spiritual care training program
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Translation and Validation of the Spanish Version of the Spiritual Care Competence Questionnaire (SCCQ)
Pastrana, T., Frick, E., Krikorian, A., Ascencio, L., Galeazzi, F., & Büssing, A. (2021) · Journal of religion and health · doi:10.1007/s10943-021-01402-7 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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Psychometric properties of the Chinese mainland version of the Palliative Care Spiritual Care Competency Scale (PCSCCS-M) in nursing: a cross-sectional study
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Characteristics of existing healthcare workforce education in spiritual care related to childbirth: A systematic review identifying only two studies
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What do doctors understand by spiritual health? A survey of UK general practitioners
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Spiritual care perceptions and empathy of Chinese nursing students: The mediating roles of spiritual well-being
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Efficacy of an educational intervention on students' attitudes regarding spirituality in healthcare: a cohort study in the USA
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Australian perspectives on spiritual care training in healthcare: A Delphi study
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Teaching spirituality to medical students: a systematic review
Crozier, D., Greene, A., Schleicher, M., & Goldfarb, J. (2021) · Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy · doi:10.1080/08854726.2021.1916332 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Competencies of nursing students in the provision of spiritual care and the factors affecting spiritual caregiving
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Spiritual care competencies among nursing students in the middle East and Asia: a systematic review
Dewi, I. P., Haroen, H., Agustina, H. R., Pahria, T., Arisanti, N., & Keawpimon, P. (2025) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-025-03047-3 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Spiritual care, compassion and associated factors of midwives working in delivery rooms
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Australian Patient Preferences for Discussing Spiritual Issues in the Hospital Setting: An Exploratory Mixed Methods Study
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Patients with Parkinson’s disease need spiritual care
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Doctor, Will You Pray for Me? Responding to Patients’ Religious and Spiritual Concerns
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Empowerment of nurses for integrating clients’ religion/spirituality into clinical practice: outcomes of an online training program
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Religiosität und Spiritualität in der Psychotherapie
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The Effects of a Scenario-Based Spiritual Care Course on Spiritual Care Competence among Clinical Nurses: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Hsieh, S., Hsu, L., Hinderer, K. A., Lin, H., Tseng, Y.-P., Kao, C., Lee, C.-Y., Kao, S., Chou, Y.-F., Szu, L., et al. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11010036 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Spiritual Care through the Lens of Portuguese Palliative Care Professionals: A Qualitative Thematic Analysis
Matos, J., Querido, A., & Laranjeira, C. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14020134 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Brazilian Psychiatric Association guidelines on the integration of spirituality into mental health clinical practice: Part 1. Spiritual history and differential diagnosis
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Care of the Spirit
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Developing a charter of spiritual care for patients
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Spiritual Well-being, Attitude, Involvement, Perceptions and Competencies
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Assessing the Impact of Provider Training and Perceived Barriers on the Provision of Spiritual Care: a Mixed Methods Study
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Religiousness, Spirituality and Health in Secular Society: Need for Spiritual Care in Health Care?
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Caring Spiritually
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Assessing the Frequency Nurse Practitioners Incorporate Spiritual Care into Patient-Centered Care
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Meeting Patients Where They're At: Toward the Expansion of Chaplaincy Care into Online Spiritual Care Communities
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Effect of Spiritual Care on Chest Tube Removal Anxiety and Pain in Heart Surgery in Muslim Patients (Shia and Sunni)
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Experiential training course on spirituality for multidisciplinary palliative care teams in a hospital setting: a feasibility study
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Spiritual care in the training of hospice volunteers in Germany
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The impact of a practice-based educational strategy on the development of spiritual competencies of nursing students
van der Vis-Sietsma, Y., Ginkel, J. M. D. M., & van Leeuwen, R. (2019) · Journal for the Study of Spirituality · doi:10.1080/20440243.2019.1581370 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Comparing Nurses’ and Patients’ Comfort Level with Spiritual Assessment
Giske, T., & Cone, P. H. (2020) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel11120671 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Effectiveness of spiritual care training for rehabilitation professionals: An exploratory controlled trial
Jones, K. F., Pryor, J., Care-Unger, C., Descallar, J., & Simpson, G. K. (2020) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-203221 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Spirituality is “sometimes just a hug”: A conceptual analysis from the perspective of nursing students
Paal, P., Brandstötter, C., Grabenweger, R., Jones, K. F., & Best, M. C. (2023) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951523000974 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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Systematic review of feedback literacy instruments for health professions students
Noor, M. N. M., Fatima, S., Cockburn, J., Romli, M. H., Pallath, V., Hong, W.-H., Vadivelu, J., & Foong, C. C. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31070 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Development and Validation of the Nurses’ Spiritual Sensitivity Scale in Southeastern Iran
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Health care Professionals' Reflections on Their Learning as Spiritual Generalists and Integration Into Practice
Thiel, M. M., Luff, D. F., Kerr, E. E., Robinson, M. R., & Meyer, E. C. (2020) · Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions · doi:10.1097/ceh.0000000000000318 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Die Kluft zwischen Training und Patientenversorgung: Maßnahmen und Möglichkeiten für eine nachhaltige Veränderung – ein Regenschirm Review
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Dealing with parents' existential issues in neonatal intensive care
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Teaching and Learning About Spirituality in Healthcare Practice Settings
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Religiosidade e espiritualidade na prática clínica em saúde mental
Rodrigues, D. D., Fonseca, R. C. D. F., da Fonseca, J. R. F., Araújo, R. C., Alves, L. A. R., Harjani, S. C., & Vieira, H. W. D. (2020) · Revista Eletrônica Acervo Saúde · doi:10.25248/reas.e3327.2020 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
How is spiritual care/pastoral care understood and provided in general hospitals in Victoria, Australia? – Staff perspectives
Tan, H. M., Rumbold, B. D., Gardner, F., Glenister, D., Forrest, A., & Bowen, L. (2020) · Journal for the Study of Spirituality · doi:10.1080/20440243.2020.1812886 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Medical Students’ Reflections on Their Experiences in a Trauma Chaplain Shadowing Program
Suda, S., Burkbauer, L., White, B., Browning, J., & Delisser, H. (2023) · The American journal of hospice & palliative care · doi:10.1177/10499091221149192 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Effect of Religious Spiritual Education and Care on the Quality of Life among the Elderly: A Review
Yahya, F. B., Hassan, H. C., Panduragan, S. L., & Mat, S. (2024) · Al-Rafidain Journal of Medical Sciences ( ISSN 2789-3219 ) · doi:10.54133/ajms.v6i1.481 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Multidisciplinary oncology clinicians’ experiences delivering spiritual care to patients with cancer and their care partners
McDarby, M., Miller, M. E., Rosa, W. E., Buller, H., & FERRELL, B. R. (2024) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-024-08773-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Stepping carefully on sacred ground: religion and spirituality in psychotherapy
Mandelkow, L., Austad, A., & Freund, H. (2021) · Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19349637.2021.1939834 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Religious Sensitivity at Secular Universities – A Cross-Sectional Replication Study among Norwegian Psychology Students
Mandelkow, L., & Rème, S. E. (2022) · Nordic Journal of Religion and Society · doi:10.18261/njrs.35.1.1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Process of Providing Spiritual Care to Muslim Cancer Patients
Moghimian, M., & Irajpour, A. (2022) · Journal of Muslim Mental Health · doi:10.3998/jmmh.1446 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Translation and Validation of the Dutch Version of the Spiritual Care Competence Questionnaire (SCCQ-NL)
Schoot, M., Bartels‐Velthuis, A. A., Recchia, D. R., Frick, E., Büssing, A., & Hoenders, R. H. J. (2024) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel15040496 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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Handlungsempfehlungen zur spirituellen Begleitung alter und/oder schwerstkranker Menschen – Langfassung
Kloke, M., Alt‐Epping, B., Büssing, A., Giebel, A., Eilts-Köchling, K., Probst, S. M., & Schrage, B. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-67742-1_32 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Towards a national strategy for the provision of spiritual care during major health disasters: A qualitative study
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What is ‘Spiritual Health’? A Survey of Social Prescribers in the United Kingdom
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Beyond Compassion Fatigue: Motive-Based Approaches to Sustaining Compassion in Palliative Care
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Spiritual nursing education programme for nursing students in Korea: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Cultural Safety and Spiritual Care
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The Physician and End-of-Life Spiritual Care: The PALliatiVE Approach
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Wahrgenommene Veränderungen in der Spiritual Care-Kompetenz nach einem Online Spiritual Care-Seminar bei Studierenden in Gesundheitsfächern
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Program Evaluation of A Community-Based Drug Rehabilitation Center: The Perspectives of The Persons Who Use Drugs (PWUDs)
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The content, teaching methods and effectiveness of spiritual care training for healthcare professionals: A mixed-methods systematic review.
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Self-learning modules as an adjunct to enhancing hematology/oncology education
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Teaching Health Care Providers To Provide Spiritual Care: A Pilot Study
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Effects of a spiritual care training for nurses
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Training hospital staff on spiritual care in palliative care influences patient-reported outcomes: Results of a quasi-experimental study
van de Geer, J., Groot, M. M., Andela, R., Leget, C. J. W., Prins, J., Vissers, K. C. P., & Zock, H. (2016) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/0269216316676648 · Cited by 71 · see citing works

Authors: Paal, P., Helo, Y., & Frick, E.
Affiliations: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
Corresponding author: Paal, Piret
ORCID: Paal, Piret
Frick, Eckhard
Venue: Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling: Advancing theory and professional practice through scholarly and reflective publications
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2015-03
Volume: 69
Issue: 1
Pages: 19-30
ISSN: 1542-3050 (ISSN-L)
2167-776X
DOI: 10.1177/1542305015572955
OpenAlex: W2281012443
Cited by: 158
References: 80
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
FWCI: 1.33
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling Advancing theory and professional practice through scholarly and reflective publications (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
mediaTUM (Technical University of Munich) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
Social Sciences › Demography › Workplace Spirituality and Leadership
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Cultural Competency in Health Care
Keywords: spiritual care education, healthcare workers, spirituality in clinical practice, patient communication, spiritual care, training outcomes, course evaluation, spiritual needs of patients
MeSH terms: Chaplaincy Service, Hospital, Education, Professional, Health Personnel, Humans, Pastoral Care, Professional Competence, Religion and Medicine

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Spiritual Care Training Provided to Healthcare Professionals: A Systematic Review

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