The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Controlling Memory Impairment in Elderly Adults Using Virtual Reality Memory Training: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study
Open accessAbstract
Background. Memory decline is a prevalent aspect of aging but may also be the first sign of cognitive pathology. Virtual reality (VR) using immersion and interaction may provide new approaches to the treatment of memory deficits in elderly individuals. Objective. The authors implemented a VR training intervention to try to lessen cognitive decline and improve memory functions. Methods. The authors randomly assigned 36 elderly residents of a rest care facility (median age 80 years) who were impaired on the Verbal Story Recall Test either to the experimental group (EG) or the control group (CG). The EG underwent 6 months of VR memory training (VRMT) that involved auditory stimulation and VR experiences in path finding. The initial training phase lasted 3 months (3 auditory and 3 VR sessions every 2 weeks), and there was a booster training phase during the following 3 months (1 auditory and 1 VR session per week). The CG underwent equivalent face-to-face training sessions using music therapy. Both groups participated in social and creative and assisted-mobility activities. Neuropsychological and functional evaluations were performed at baseline, after the initial training phase, and after the booster training phase. Results.The EG showed significant improvements in memory tests, especially in long-term recall with an effect size of 0.7 and in several other aspects of cognition. In contrast, the CG showed progressive decline. Conclusions . The authors suggest that VRMT may improve memory function in elderly adults by enhancing focused attention.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The most specific domains for VR diagnostic and training purposes in AD patients include attention (322), executive functions (323–326), memory (327–333), orientation (322, 327, 334–336), and ADL (337, 338).”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [328]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 · Cited by 88,282
Assessment of Older People: Self-Maintaining and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
Lawton, M. P., & Brody, E. M. (1969) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/9.3_part_1.179 · Cited by 18,540
Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report
Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., & Leirer, V. O. (1982) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4 · Cited by 15,025
Mild Cognitive Impairment: Clinical Characterization and Outcome
Petersen, R. C., Smith, G. E., Waring, S. C., Ivnik, R. J., Tangalos, E. G., & Kokmen, E. (1999) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.56.3.303 · Cited by 8,980
The attention system of the human brain
Posner, M. I., & Petersen, S. E. (1990) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.000325 · Cited by 8,070 · cited 1×
“The generalization of the improvements presented by the EG participants to different cognitive abilities may be explained by hypothesizing that the VRMT boosted focused attention, that is, the ability to concentrate and selectively respond to one specific visual, auditory, or tactile stimulus; to one aspect of the sti…”
Action video game modifies visual selective attention
Green, C. S., & Bavelier, D. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01647 · Cited by 2,540
Neural consequences of enviromental enrichment
van Praag, H., Kempermann, G., & Gage, F. H. (2000) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35044558 · Cited by 2,468
Katz, S. (1963) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1963.03060120024016 · Cited by 2,421
Petersen, R. C., Stevens, J. C., Ganguli, M., Tangalos, E. G., Cummings, J. L., & DeKosky, S. T. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.56.9.1133 · Cited by 2,065
Effects of Cognitive Training Interventions With Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Ball, K., Berch, D. B., Helmers, K. F., Jobe, J. B., Leveck, M. D., Marsiske, M., Morris, J. N., Rebok, G. W., Smith, D. M., Tennstedt, S. L., et al. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.18.2271 · Cited by 2,049
Long-term Effects of Cognitive Training on Everyday Functional Outcomes in Older Adults
Willis, S. L., Tennstedt, S. L., Marsiske, M., Ball, K., Elias, J., Koepke, K. M., Morris, J. N., Rebok, G. W., Unverzagt, F. W., Stoddard, A. M., et al. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.296.23.2805 · Cited by 1,496
Motor learning: its relevance to stroke recovery and neurorehabilitation
Krakauer, J. W. (2006) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/01.wco.0000200544.29915.cc · Cited by 1,282
Trail making test: normative values from 287 normal adult controls
Gıovagnolı, A. R., del Pesce, M., Mascheroni, S., Simoncelli, M., Laiacona, M., & Capitani, E. (1996) · The Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf01997792 · Cited by 1,113
Clock Drawing in Alzheimer's Disease
Sunderland, T., Hill, J., Mellow, A. M., Lawlor, B. A., Gundersheimer, J., NEWHOUSE, P. A., & Grafman, J. H. (1989) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1989.tb02233.x · Cited by 1,058
Natural history of mild cognitive impairment in older persons
Bennett, D. A., Wilson, R. S., Schneider, J. A., Evans, D. A., Beckett, L. A., Aggarwal, N. T., Barnes, L. L., Fox, J. H., & Bach, J. (2002) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.59.2.198 · Cited by 1,037
Verbal and spatial immediate memory span: Normative data from 1355 adults and 1112 children
Orsini, A., Grossi, D., Capitani, E., Laiacona, M., Papagno, C., & Vallar, G. (1987) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf02333660 · Cited by 836
The mini‐mental state examination: Normative study of an Italian random sample
Measso, G., Cavarzeran, F., Zappalà, G., Lebowitz, B. D., Crook, T. H., Pirozzolo, F. J., Amaducci, L. A., Massari, D. C., & Grigoletto, F. (1993) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565649109540545 · Cited by 817
Smith, G. E., Housen, P., Yaffe, K., Ruff, R., Kennison, R. F., Mahncke, H. W., & Zelinski, E. M. (2009) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.02167.x · Cited by 785
The Involvement of the Frontal Lobes in Cognitive Estimation
Shallice, T., & Evans, M. E. (1978) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(78)80055-0 · Cited by 704
Mahncke, H. W., Connor, B., Appelman, J., Ahsanuddin, O. N., Hardy, J. L., Wood, R. A., Joyce, N. M., Boniske, T., Atkins, S. M., & Merzenich, M. M. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0605194103 · Cited by 679
Brain plasticity and functional losses in the aged: scientific bases for a novel intervention
Mahncke, H. W., Bronstone, A. B., & Merzenich, M. M. (2006) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(06)57006-2 · Cited by 538
The development of attention skills in action video game players
Dye, M., Green, C., & Bavelier, D. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.02.002 · Cited by 487
Enhancing the contrast sensitivity function through action video game training
Li, R., Polat, U., Makous, W. L., & Bavelier, D. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2296 · Cited by 470
Virtual Reality in Brain Damage Rehabilitation: Review
Rose, F. D., Brooks, B., & Rizzo, A. (2005) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2005.8.241 · Cited by 466
The Mental Status Examination in Neurology
Strub, R. L., & Black, F. W. (1995) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-199500940-00013 · Cited by 431
Virtual Reality–Induced Cortical Reorganization and Associated Locomotor Recovery in Chronic Stroke
You, S. H., Jang, S. H., Kim, Y., Hallett, M., Ahn, S. H., Kwon, Y.-H., Kim, J. H., & Lee, M. Y. (2005) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000162715.43417.91 · Cited by 420
Rizzo, A. A., Buckwalter, J. G., Bowerly, T., van der Zaag, C., Humphrey, L., Neumann, U., Chua, C., Kyriakakis, C., Rooyen, A. V., & Sisemore, D. A. (2000) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/10949310050078940 · Cited by 354
Impact of working memory training on memory performance in old-old adults.
Buschkuehl, M., Jaeggi, S. M., Hutchison, S., Perrig‐Chiello, P., Däpp, C., Müller, M., Breil, F., Hoppeler, H. H., & Perrig, W. J. (2008) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0014342 · Cited by 330
Virtual reality in behavioral neuroscience and beyond
Tarr, M. J., & Warren, W. H. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn948 · Cited by 326
Enriched and Impoverished Environments
Renner, M., & Rosenzweig, M. R. (1987) · Recent research in psychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4766-1 · Cited by 252
ORIGINS AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF PERCEPTION, ACTION, AND REPRESENTATION
Bertenthal, B. I. (1996) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.47.1.431 · Cited by 250
Implicit and explicit memory in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease
Bondi, M. W., & Kaszniak, A. W. (1991) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688639108401048 · Cited by 232
Wressle, E., Eeg-Olofsson, A.-M., Marcusson, J. O., & Henriksson, C. M. (2002) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.1080/165019702317242640 · Cited by 225
The Effect of Virtual Reality Cognitive Training for Attention Enhancement
Cho, B. H., Ku, J. H., Jang, D. P., Kim, S., Lee, Y. H., Kim, I. Y., Lee, J. H., & Kim, S. I. (2002) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/109493102753770516 · Cited by 151
Visuospatial experience modulates attentional capture: Evidence from action video game players
West, G. L., Stevens, S. A., Pun, C., & Pratt, J. (2008) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/8.16.13 · Cited by 146
Sheikh, K., Smith, D. S., Meade, T. W., GOLDENBERG, E., Brennan, P. J., & Kinsella, G. (1979) · International Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.3109/03790797909164024 · Cited by 141
Mondini, S., Mapelli, D., Vestri, & Bisiacchi, P. S. (2003) · Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) · Cited by 141
Sensorimotor alignment effects in the learning environment and in novel environments.
Kelly, J. W., Avraamides, M. N., & Loomis, J. M. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.33.6.1092 · Cited by 102
Music and the brain: Studies in the neurology of music
Ballantyne, J. (1979) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/0093-934x(79)90031-2 · Cited by 101
Virtual reality therapy for fear of flying
North, M. M., North, S. M., & Coble, J. R. (1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.1.130b · Cited by 84
Music therapy in dementia care
Robertson-Gillam, K. (2011) · doi:10.1007/978-0-230-34450-1_6 · Cited by 82
The Mental Status Examination in Neurology
Skorin, L. (1994) · Journal of Osteopathic Medicine · doi:10.7556/jaoa.1994.94.3.211 · Cited by 53
Selective attention in a reaching task: Effect of normal aging and alzheimer's disease.
Simone, P. M., & Baylis, G. C. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.23.3.595 · Cited by 49
The intrusiveness of familiar nontarget information
Johnston, W. (1978) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197426 · Cited by 44
Rose, F. D., Attree, E. A., Brooks, B., & Andrews, T. (2001) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/1054746011470208 · Cited by 44
Selective attention in a reaching task: Effect of normal aging and alzheimer's disease.
Simone, P. M., & Baylis, G. C. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.23.3.595 · Cited by 35
Optale, G., Capodieci, S., Pinelli, P., Zara, D., Gamberini, L., & Riva, G. (2001) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/1054746011470217 · Cited by 34
Self-citationRemembering to age successfully: evaluation of a successful aging approach to memory enhancement
Hohaus, L. (2006) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610206003760 · Cited by 22
(2008) · doi:10.1109/iwvr14638.2008 · Cited by 15
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Novelli G., 1986, Arch Psicol Neurol Psichiatr, 47, 477
- Recanzone G. Cerebral cortical plasticity: perception and skill acquisition. In: Gazzaniga MS, ed. The New Cognitive Neuro-sciences . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 2000:237-247.
- Liggan DY, 1999, J Psychother Pract Res, 8, 103
- Subramanian S., 2007, Virtual Rehabilitation, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hill, N. T. M., Mowszowski, L., Naismith, S. L., Chadwick, V. L., Valenzuela, M., & Lampit, A. (2017) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16030360 · Cited by 782
Saredakis, D., Szpak, A., Birckhead, B. J., Keage, H. A. D., Rizzo, A., & Loetscher, T. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00096 · Cited by 741
“Moreover, VR delivered in HMDs is being widely used for rehabilitation, assessment and even prediction of cognitive impairments in older adults (Optale et al., 2010; Corriveau Lecavalier et al., 2018; Howett et al., 2019).”
MethodVirtual reality in cognitive and motor rehabilitation: facts, fiction and fallacies
Tieri, G., Morone, G., Paolucci, S., & Iosa, M. (2018) · Expert Review of Medical Devices · doi:10.1080/17434440.2018.1425613 · Cited by 483
“VR-training, performed with HMD, resulted also effective in older adults with memory deficits with gains in memory, attention span, and executive function, but not in visuospatial processing [74].”
MethodCognitive training for people with mild to moderate dementia
Bahar-Fuchs, A., Martyr, A., Goh, A. M., Sabates, J., & Clare, L. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013069.pub2 · Cited by 342
Faria, A. L., Andrade, A., Soares, L., & i Badia, S. B. (2016) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-016-0204-z · Cited by 307
“Most of the existing randomized controlled trials with VR-based cognitive rehabilitation, focus in specific cognitive domains, as memory [52, 53] and attention [33], or specific deficits, as USN [22, 30].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Optale, G., Urgesi, C., Busato, V., Marin, S., Piron, L., Priftis, K., Gamberini, L., Capodieci, S., & Bordin, A.
- Affiliations
- Association of Medical Psychotherapists, Venice, Italy, , Psychosexology, ASL12, Mestre, Venice, Italy
- University of Udine (IT)
- Consorzio Sociale CPS gestore centro servizi “Anni Sereni” Rest-Home, Scorzè, Venice, Italy
- Association of Medical Psychotherapists, Venice, Italy, Psychosexology, ASL12, Mestre, Venice, Italy
- University of Padua (IT)
- Association of Medical Psychotherapists, Venice, Italy
- Corresponding author
- Optale, Gabriele
- Venue
- Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-11-24
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 348-357
- ISSN
- 0888-4390 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-9683
- 1552-6844
- OpenAlex
- W2131366419
- Cited by
- 318
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 5.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Neurorehabilitation and neural repair (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Institutional Research Information System (University of Udine) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministero della Salute
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Keywords
- memory impairment, older adults, cognitive decline, music therapy, auditory stimulation, path finding, focused attention, nursing home residents, cognitive rehabilitation
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Aged, 80 and over, Analysis of Variance, Attention, Female, Humans, Male, Memory Disorders, Music Therapy, Neuropsychological Tests, Pilot Projects, Mental Recall, Time Factors, User-Computer Interface, Single-Blind Method, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
