Cited by 318Cognitive Functions and MemoryDementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchVirtual Reality Applications and Impacts

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Controlling Memory Impairment in Elderly Adults Using Virtual Reality Memory Training: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study

Open access

Optale, Gabriele, Urgesi, Cosimo, Busato, Valentina, Marin, Silvia, Piron, Lamberto, Priftis, Konstantinos, Gamberini, Luciano, Capodieci, Salvatore, Bordin, Adalberto·2010·Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair

DOI 10.1177/1545968309353328

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Background. Memory decline is a prevalent aspect of aging but may also be the first sign of cognitive pathology. Virtual reality (VR) using immersion and interaction may provide new approaches to the treatment of memory deficits in elderly individuals. Objective. The authors implemented a VR training intervention to try to lessen cognitive decline and improve memory functions. Methods. The authors randomly assigned 36 elderly residents of a rest care facility (median age 80 years) who were impaired on the Verbal Story Recall Test either to the experimental group (EG) or the control group (CG). The EG underwent 6 months of VR memory training (VRMT) that involved auditory stimulation and VR experiences in path finding. The initial training phase lasted 3 months (3 auditory and 3 VR sessions every 2 weeks), and there was a booster training phase during the following 3 months (1 auditory and 1 VR session per week). The CG underwent equivalent face-to-face training sessions using music therapy. Both groups participated in social and creative and assisted-mobility activities. Neuropsychological and functional evaluations were performed at baseline, after the initial training phase, and after the booster training phase. Results.The EG showed significant improvements in memory tests, especially in long-term recall with an effect size of 0.7 and in several other aspects of cognition. In contrast, the CG showed progressive decline. Conclusions . The authors suggest that VRMT may improve memory function in elderly adults by enhancing focused attention.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/1545968309353328

Cites

49 of 49 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

“Mini-mental state”
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 · Cited by 88,282
Assessment of Older People: Self-Maintaining and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
Lawton, M. P., & Brody, E. M. (1969) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/9.3_part_1.179 · Cited by 18,540
Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report
Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., & Leirer, V. O. (1982) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4 · Cited by 15,025
Mild Cognitive Impairment: Clinical Characterization and Outcome
Petersen, R. C., Smith, G. E., Waring, S. C., Ivnik, R. J., Tangalos, E. G., & Kokmen, E. (1999) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.56.3.303 · Cited by 8,980
The attention system of the human brain
Posner, M. I., & Petersen, S. E. (1990) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.000325 · Cited by 8,070 · cited 1×
“The generalization of the improvements presented by the EG participants to different cognitive abilities may be explained by hypothesizing that the VRMT boosted focused attention, that is, the ability to concentrate and selectively respond to one specific visual, auditory, or tactile stimulus; to one aspect of the sti…”
Action video game modifies visual selective attention
Green, C. S., & Bavelier, D. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01647 · Cited by 2,540
Neural consequences of enviromental enrichment
van Praag, H., Kempermann, G., & Gage, F. H. (2000) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35044558 · Cited by 2,468
Studies of Illness in the Aged: The Index of ADL: A Standardized Measure of Biological and Psychosocial Function
Katz, S. (1963) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1963.03060120024016 · Cited by 2,421
Practice parameter: Early detection of dementia: Mild cognitive impairment (an evidence-based review) [RETIRED]: Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology
Petersen, R. C., Stevens, J. C., Ganguli, M., Tangalos, E. G., Cummings, J. L., & DeKosky, S. T. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.56.9.1133 · Cited by 2,065
Effects of Cognitive Training Interventions With Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Ball, K., Berch, D. B., Helmers, K. F., Jobe, J. B., Leveck, M. D., Marsiske, M., Morris, J. N., Rebok, G. W., Smith, D. M., Tennstedt, S. L., et al. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.18.2271 · Cited by 2,049

Show all 48 references

Research works printed but not linked: 4

Novelli G., 1986, Arch Psicol Neurol Psichiatr, 47, 477
Recanzone G. Cerebral cortical plasticity: perception and skill acquisition. In: Gazzaniga MS, ed. The New Cognitive Neuro-sciences . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 2000:237-247.
Liggan DY, 1999, J Psychother Pract Res, 8, 103
Subramanian S., 2007, Virtual Rehabilitation, 1

Sorted by citations

Computerized cognitive training in older adults with mild cognitive impairment or dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Hill, N. T. M., Mowszowski, L., Naismith, S. L., Chadwick, V. L., Valenzuela, M., & Lampit, A. (2017) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16030360 · Cited by 782
Factors Associated With Virtual Reality Sickness in Head-Mounted Displays: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Saredakis, D., Szpak, A., Birckhead, B. J., Keage, H. A. D., Rizzo, A., & Loetscher, T. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00096 · Cited by 741
“Moreover, VR delivered in HMDs is being widely used for rehabilitation, assessment and even prediction of cognitive impairments in older adults (Optale et al., 2010; Corriveau Lecavalier et al., 2018; Howett et al., 2019).”
Method
Virtual reality in cognitive and motor rehabilitation: facts, fiction and fallacies
Tieri, G., Morone, G., Paolucci, S., & Iosa, M. (2018) · Expert Review of Medical Devices · doi:10.1080/17434440.2018.1425613 · Cited by 483
“VR-training, performed with HMD, resulted also effective in older adults with memory deficits with gains in memory, attention span, and executive function, but not in visuospatial processing [74].”
Method
Cognitive training for people with mild to moderate dementia
Bahar-Fuchs, A., Martyr, A., Goh, A. M., Sabates, J., & Clare, L. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013069.pub2 · Cited by 342
Benefits of virtual reality based cognitive rehabilitation through simulated activities of daily living: A randomized controlled trial with stroke patients
Faria, A. L., Andrade, A., Soares, L., & i Badia, S. B. (2016) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-016-0204-z · Cited by 307
“Most of the existing randomized controlled trials with VR-based cognitive rehabilitation, focus in specific cognitive domains, as memory [52, 53] and attention [33], or specific deficits, as USN [22, 30].”
Background
The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment
Zucchella, C., Sinforiani, E., Tamburin, S., Federico, A., Mantovani, E., Bernini, S., Casale, R., & Bartolo, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.01058 · Cited by 297
Computerized and virtual reality cognitive training for individuals at high risk of cognitive decline: Systematic review of the literature
Coyle, H., Traynor, V., & Solowij, N. (2015) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2014.04.009 · Cited by 274
“Two other studies (42, 61) used a large range of tests to assess executive function (Table ) but effect sizes were small (d<.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Acceptance of immersive head-mounted virtual reality in older adults
Huygelier, H., Schraepen, B., van Ee, R., Vanden Abeele, V., & Gillebert, C. R. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41200-6 · Cited by 299
A Feasibility Study with Image-Based Rendered Virtual Reality in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia
Manera, V., Chapoulie, E., Bourgeois, J., Guerchouche, R., David, R., Ondřej, J., George Drettakis, B., & Robert, P. H. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151487 · Cited by 243
Effects of Using Nintendo Wii™ Exergames in Older Adults
Chao, Y., Scherer, Y. K., & Montgomery, C. A. (2014) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264314551171 · Cited by 240
“…of using virtual reality cognitive training programs to improve general cognitive function in older adults, as well as short-term memory, orientation, attention, comprehension, repetition, naming, constructions, memory, and judgment (Chan, Ngai, Leung, & Wong, 2010; Optale et al., 2010).”
Background
The Effect of a Virtual Reality-Based Intervention Program on Cognition in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Control Trial
Thapa, N., Park, H. J., Yang, J., Son, H., Jang, M., Lee, J., Kang, S. W., Park, K. W., & Park, K. W. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9051283 · Cited by 230
“In older adults with MCI, VR intervention has been reported to improve memory function [12].”
Background
Effect of computerised cognitive training on cognitive outcomes in mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zhang, H., Huntley, J. D., Bhome, R., Holmes, B. E., Cahill, J., Gould, R. L., Wang, H., Yu, X., & Howard, R. J. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027062 · Cited by 236
“ipants with probable AD based on the reported average Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score.(46)”
Method
A Mini-Review of Virtual Reality-Based Interventions to Promote Well-Being for People Living with Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment
D'Cunha, N. M., Nguyen, D. T., Naumovski, N., McKune, A. J., Kellett, J., Georgousopoulou, E. N., Frost, J. S., & Isbel, S. T. (2019) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000500040 · Cited by 218
The Role of Virtual Reality in Improving Health Outcomes for Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Systematic Review
Dermody, G., Whitehead, L., Wilson, G., & Glass, C. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/17331 · Cited by 209
“Other studies completed VR therapy more regularly, with Levy [55] administering it weekly over a 12-week period, Benham [53] completing it twice weekly for 6 weeks, White [59] completing it 3 times per week over a 7-week period, and Optale [56] completing 3 sessions per fortnight.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Augmented and Virtual Reality Evolution and Future Tendency
Muñoz-Saavedra, L., Miró-Amarante, L., & Domínguez-Morales, M. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10010322 · Cited by 231
Using virtual reality for cognitive training of the elderly
García-Betances, R. I., Jiménez-Mixco, V., Arredondo, M. T., & Cabrera-Umpiérrez, M. F. (2015) · American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317514545866 · Cited by 187
“Immersive VR environments have also been used for neuropsychological assessment and CR therapies such as phobias, stress, anxiety, exercise, and memory problems.(27,28,30-36) The potential of VR and of virtual environments (VEs) is presently being investigated by several research groups and laboratories, focusing on c…”
BackgroundMethod
The effects of multi-domain versus single-domain cognitive training in non-demented older people: a randomized controlled trial
Cheng, Y., Wu, W.-Y., Feng, W., Wang, J.-Q., Chen, Y., Shen, Y., Li, Q., Zhang, X., & Li, C.-B. (2012) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-30 · Cited by 174
“Among the studies included in the meta-analyses, most used singledomain CogTr, focusing either on memory [2,9-14], reasoning [2,15-17], processing speed [2,17-21], reading [22], solving arithmetic problems [22], or strategy training [23].”
Method
A Succinct Overview of Virtual Reality Technology Use in Alzheimer’s Disease
García-Betances, R. I., Arredondo, M. T., Fico, G., & Cabrera-Umpiérrez, M. F. (2015) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2015.00080 · Cited by 212
“…spatial memory, temporal order memory, prospective memory, short-term, and working memory, etc. (Kalová et al., 2005; Burgess et al., 2006; Optale et al., 2010; Weniger et al., 2011; Bellassen et al., 2012; Shamsuddin et al., 2012; Yeh et al., 2012; Bur-dea et al., 2013; Tarnanas et al.,…”
Background
Computerised cognitive training for preventing dementia in people with mild cognitive impairment
Gates, N. J., Vernooij, R. W. M., Nisio, M. D., Karim, S., March, E. G., Martínez, G., & Rutjes, A. W. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012279.pub2 · Cited by 186
The Potential of Immersive Virtual Reality for Cognitive Training in Elderly
Bauer, A. C. M., & Andringa, G. (2020) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000509830 · Cited by 167
“To date, studies make recommendations [46, 59, 60] for remote guidance of immersive VR by elderly from their residential setting, but implementation is lacking.”
Background
Nature in virtual reality improves mood and reduces stress: evidence from young adults and senior citizens
Chan, S. H. M., Qiu, L., Esposito, G., Ky, P. M., Tam, K., & Cui, J. (2021) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-021-00604-4 · Cited by 200
“The present findings on physiological indicators of stress align with past findings that show lower stress levels in nature compared to urban settings (Brown et al. 2013; Lee et al. 2011; Park et al. 2010).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Older Adults’ Experiences with Audiovisual Virtual Reality: Perceived Usefulness and Other Factors Influencing Technology Acceptance
Roberts, A. R., De Schutter, B., Franks, K., & Radina, M. E. (2019) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2018.1442380 · Cited by 151
Can Musical or Painting Interventions Improve Chronic Pain, Mood, Quality of Life, and Cognition in Patients with Mild Alzheimer’s Disease? Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial
Pongan, É., Tillmann, B., Lévêque, Y., Trombert, B., Getenet, J. C., Auguste, N., Dauphinot, V., Haouari, H. E., Navez, M., Dorey, J., et al. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170410 · Cited by 158
“…beneﬁcial effects of MI on cognitive functioning in patients with AD or associated disorders, in particular improved global cognitive functioning [12], autobiographic memory [13, 14], implicit memory [15, 16], and verbal memory [17, 18] as well as attention and executive functions [12, 19, 20].”
Virtual reality exercise as a coping strategy for health and wellness promotion in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic
Gao, Z., Lee, J. E., McDonough, D. J., & Albers, C. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9061986 · Cited by 153
“Although these two studies [9,39] targeted similar cognitive domains, such as executive function, memory, and visuoconstruction/visuospatial skills, as health outcomes, the two differed in terms”
Background
Effect of Virtual Reality on Cognition in Stroke Patients
Kim, B. R., Chun, M. H., Kim, L. S., & Park, J. Y. (2011) · Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.5535/arm.2011.35.4.450 · Cited by 149
Information technologies for active and assisted living—Influences to the quality of life of an ageing society
Siegel, C., & Dorner, T. E. (2017) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2017.01.012 · Cited by 140
A systematic review of the use of virtual reality and its effects on cognition in individuals with neurocognitive disorders
Moreno, A., Wall, K. J., Thangavelu, K., Craven, L., Ward, E., & Dissanayaka, N. N. (2019) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.trci.2019.09.016 · Cited by 139
“[43] VR memory training (VRMT) Immersive 3 sessions per week for 3 months in the initial phase, 2 sessions a week for 3 months in the booster phase 30 minutes Not specified Not reported”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Effect of Cognitive Training in Fully Immersive Virtual Reality on Visuospatial Function and Frontal-Occipital Functional Connectivity in Predementia: Randomized Controlled Trial
Kang, J. M., Kim, N., Lee, S. Y., Woo, S. K., Park, G., Yeon, B. K., Park, J. W., Youn, J. H., Ryu, S., Lee, J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/24526 · Cited by 138
“The immersion methods utilized in previous studies investigating VR cognitive training in older people have employed desktop-based systems [55,56], screen and sensors [62], screen and glasses [65,66], and head-mounted display and fixed joystick setups [63].”
Influential
Technologies in Home-Based Digital Rehabilitation: Scoping Review
Arntz, A. R., Weber, F., Handgraaf, M., Lällä, K., Korniloff, K., Murtonen, K.-P., Chichaeva, J., Kidritsch, A., Heller, M., Sakellari, Ε., et al. (2023) · JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies · doi:10.2196/43615 · Cited by 158
Not just fun and games: applications of virtual reality in the identification and rehabilitation of cognitive disorders of the elderly
Cherniack, E. P. (2010) · Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology · doi:10.3109/17483107.2010.542570 · Cited by 120
“76 on the Verbal Story Recall Test) were randomised to receive a complex intervention that included a training phase of three 15 min VR sessions every other week for 2 weeks, followed by weekly sessions for 3 months or receive a control intervention [22].”
Method
A Brain-Computer Interface Based Cognitive Training System for Healthy Elderly: A Randomized Control Pilot Study for Usability and Preliminary Efficacy
Lee, T.-S. W., Goh, S. J. A., Quek, S. Y., Phillips, R., Guan, C., Cheung, Y. B., Feng, L., Teng, S. S. W., Wang, C. C., Chin, Z. Y., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079419 · Cited by 119
“Several studies have demonstrated that cognitive training can improve cognitive functioning in various domains such as memory [4–7], attention [8–9], processing speed [10–12] and executive functioning [11,12] in elderly populations, and that such gains can result in better functional outcomes even up to five years aft…”
Background
Music, music therapy and dementia: a review of literature and the recommendations of the Italian psychogeriatric association
Raglio, A., Bellelli, G., Mazzola, P., Bellandi, D., Giovagnoli, A. R., Farina, E., Stramba-Badiale, M., Gentile, S., Gianelli, M. V., Ubezio, M. C., et al. (2012) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.05.016 · Cited by 118
Feasibility and Tolerability of a Culture-Based Virtual Reality (VR) Training Program in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study
Park, J., Liao, Y., Kim, D.-R., Song, S., Lim, J. H., Park, H., Lee, Y., & Park, K. W. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17093030 · Cited by 108
“Firstly, it is inconsistent with a previous study [24] that reported that long-term intervention (six months of VR memory training) in the elderly significantly improved memory function.”
Result
Virtual reality and cognitive rehabilitation: A review of current outcome research
Larson, E. B., Feigon, M., Gagliardo, P., & Dvorkin, A. Y. (2014) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-141078 · Cited by 105
Impact of Virtual Reality (VR) Experience on Older Adults’ Well-Being
Lin, C. X., Lee, C., Lally, D., & Coughlin, J. F. (2018) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92037-5_8 · Cited by 91
“[6], VR has been suggested to have possibilities for triggering behavior change [7].”
Background
Computerised cognitive training for 12 or more weeks for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in late life
Gates, N. J., Rutjes, A. W., Nisio, M. D., Karim, S., Chong, L., March, E. G., Martínez, G., & Vernooij, R. W. M. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012277.pub3 · Cited by 100
Meditation and Music Improve Memory and Cognitive Function in Adults with Subjective Cognitive Decline: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Innes, K. E., Selfe, T. K., Khalsa, D. S., & Kandati, S. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-160867 · Cited by 99
“…[78], and nursing home residents [79]; of therapist-delivered music programs in psychiatric in-patients with cognitive impairment [80] and Italian elders with memory loss [81]; and of passive music listening in Taiwanese AD patients [82] showed little or no improvement in cognitive indices.”
Using Virtual Reality to Improve Apathy in Residential Aged Care: Mixed Methods Study
Saredakis, D., Keage, H. A., Corlis, M., & Loetscher, T. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/17632 · Cited by 82
“7) compared with a control group receiving music therapy [50].”
Background
The Effectiveness of a Virtual Reality-Based Intervention on Cognitive Functions in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial
Torpil, B., Şahın, S., Pekçetin, S., & Uyanık, M. (2020) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2020.0086 · Cited by 87
“27,28 Therefore, we think that in VR-based interventions, adapting the presented scenarios according to the affected cognitive function of the participant will provide a greater therapeutic effect.”
A Scoping Review of Augmented/Virtual Reality Health and Wellbeing Interventions for Older Adults: Redefining Immersive Virtual Reality
Carroll, J., Hopper, L., Farrelly, A. M., Lombard-Vance, R., Bamidis, P. D., & Konstantinidis, E. I. (2021) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2021.655338 · Cited by 80
“Finally, ﬁ ve studies can be categorized as “ Immersive VR ” (Gamito et al., 2010; Optale et al., 2010; Corno et al., 2014; Parijat et al., 2014; Lokka et al., 2018) and each study accurately described itself as such.”
Background
Virtual reality and mental health in older adults: a systematic review
Skurla, M. D., Rahman, A. T., Salcone, S., Mathias, L., Shah, B., Forester, B. P., & Vahia, I. V. (2021) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s104161022100017x · Cited by 95
Efficacy of virtual reality-based training programs and games on the improvement of cognitive disorders in patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Moulaei, K., Sharifi, H. P., Bahaadinbeigy, K., & Dinari, F. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05563-z · Cited by 85
Novel insights into the rehabilitation of memory post acquired brain injury: a systematic review
Spreij, L. A., Visser‐Meily, J. M. A., Heugten, C. M. V., & Nijboer, T. C. W. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00993 · Cited by 80
“These positive findings are consistent with findings in healthy elderly participants experiencing memory deficits (Optale et al., 2009).”
Result
Immersive Virtual Reality–Based Cognitive Intervention for the Improvement of Cognitive Function, Depression, and Perceived Stress in Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild Dementia: Pilot Pre-Post Study
Zhu, K., Zhang, Q., He, B., Huang, M., Lin, R., & Li, H. (2022) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/32117 · Cited by 79
Computerised cognitive training for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in late life
Gates, N. J., Rutjes, A. W., Nisio, M. D., Karim, S., Chong, L., March, E. G., Martínez, G., & Vernooij, R. W. M. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012277.pub2 · Cited by 88
“Optale 2010 {published data only} Optale G, Urgesi C, Busato V, Marin S, Prion L, PriOis K, et al. Controlling memory impairment in elderly adults using virtual reality memory training: a randomized controlled pilot study.”
Background
Cognitive Training Using Fully Immersive, Enriched Environment Virtual Reality for Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild Dementia: Feasibility and Usability Study
Yun, S. J., Kang, M., Yang, D., Choi, Y., Kim, H., Oh, B., & Seo, H. G. (2020) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/18127 · Cited by 74
“This VR world encourages patients with cognitive impairment to maintain selective attention [13].”
Background
Virtual Reality Interventions for Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Yang, Q., Zhang, L. C., Chang, F., Yang, H., Chen, B., & Liu, Z. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/59195 · Cited by 80
“One of the two pre-2013 papers were excluded due to unspecified levels of cognitive impairment, which could have affected the identification of cognitive deficits [38].”
Application of Immersive Virtual-Reality-Based Puzzle Games in Elderly Patients with Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Study
Liu, Z., He, Z., Yuan, J., Lin, H., Fu, C., Zhang, Y., Wang, N., Li, G., Bu, J., Chen, M., et al. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13010079 · Cited by 70
“Previous studies have been conducted to help patients improve episodic memory by showing them familiar environments, including streets, residences, and childhood scenes [56,57].”
Background
Effects of WiiActive exercises on fear of falling and functional outcomes in community-dwelling older adults: a randomised control trial
Kwok, B. C., & Pua, Y. (2016) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afw108 · Cited by 65
Virtual environments as memory training devices in navigational tasks for older adults
Lokka, I. E., Çöltekin, A., Wiener, J. M., Fabrikant, S. I., & Röcke, C. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-29029-x · Cited by 65
Wearable Biosensor and Hotspot Analysis–Based Framework to Detect Stress Hotspots for Advancing Elderly’s Mobility
Lee, G., Choi, B., Ahn, C. R., & Lee, S. H. (2020) · Journal of Management in Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000753 · Cited by 64
Development and usability evaluation of the mHealth Tool for Lung Cancer (mHealth TLC): A virtual world health game for lung cancer patients
Brown‐Johnson, C. G., Berrean, B., & Cataldo, J. K. (2015) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2014.12.006 · Cited by 71
“Virtual reality interactions are effective approaches to behavior change for both cancer patients and older adults [17, 18].”
Background
Cognitive Flexibility Training: A Large-Scale Multimodal Adaptive Active-Control Intervention Study in Healthy Older Adults
Buitenweg, J. I. V., van de Ven, R. M., Prinssen, S., Murre, J. M. J., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00529 · Cited by 68
“…studies, for instance working memory training (Buschkuehl et al., 2008; Richmond et al., 2011; Rose et al., 2015), virtual reality training (Optale et al., 2010; Lövdén et al., 2012), and game training (Basak et al., 2008; Nouchi et al., 2012; van Muijden et al., 2012; Baniqued et al.,…”
Background
Rehabilitative Effects of Virtual Reality Technology for Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis
Wu, J., Ma, Y., & Ren, Z. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01811 · Cited by 63
“Seven studies (Optale et al., 2010; Man et al., 2012; Amjad et al., 2018; Hwang and Park, 2018; Choi and Lee, 2019; Park et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2019) were comprised comparisons between VR technology and conventional rehabilitation methods (including health education, memory training,…”
BackgroundInfluential
The Effect of Reminiscence Therapy Using Virtual Reality on Apathy in Residential Aged Care: Multisite Nonrandomized Controlled Trial
Saredakis, D., Keage, H. A., Corlis, M., Ghezzi, E. S., Loffler, H., & Loetscher, T. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/29210 · Cited by 61
“Positive outcomes, ranging from small to large effects, found in the review by Dermody et al [42], included improved pain scores in community-dwelling older adults using VR games ( d =−1.54) [43], and improvements in long-term recall ( d =0.70) using VR memory training in aged care residents [44].”
Influential
Effects of a Mixed Reality-based Cognitive Training System Compared to a Conventional Computer-assisted Cognitive Training System on Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Study
Park, E., Yun, B., Min, Y.-S., Lee, Y., Moon, S.-J., Huh, J., Cha, H., Chang, Y., & Jung, T. (2019) · Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology · doi:10.1097/wnn.0000000000000197 · Cited by 61
“…input devices (eg, keyboard, mouse, and joystick) have been shown to improve cognitive abilities in individuals (Kim et al, 2011; Man et al, 2013; Optale et al, 2010; Pietrzak et al, 2014); however, the current MR-based cognitive training system is more promising in that it uniquely enables the…”
Background
Lessons Learned from a Human-Centered Design of an Immersive Exergame for People with Dementia
Karaosmanoglu, S., Rings, S., Kruse, L., Stein, C., & Steinicke, F. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3474679 · Cited by 66
The effect of virtual reality on executive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Yu, D., Li, X., & Lai, F. H. (2022) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2022.2076202 · Cited by 60
“, 2020) had a moderate methodological quality and seven studies (Kim et al., 2011; Liao et al., 2019; Maggio et al., 2018; Optale et al., 2010; J. S. Park et al., 2020; Tarnanas et al., 2014; Thapa et al., 2020) were of good quality.”
Background
Efficacy and Moderators of Virtual Reality for Cognitive Training in People with Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Papaioannou, T., Voinescu, A., Petrini, K., & Fraser, D. S. (2022) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-210672 · Cited by 67
“For example, a study included in Hung et al. [17] and Wu et al. [16], used both auditory and VR training in the intervention group for 6 months [42].”
Telehealth Delivery of Memory Rehabilitation Following Stroke
Lawson, D. W., Stolwyk, R. J., Ponsford, J. L., McKenzie, D. P., Downing, M. G., & Wong, D. (2020) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617719000651 · Cited by 57
Digital healthcare for dementia and cognitive impairment: A scoping review
Sohn, M., Yang, J., Sohn, J. Y., & Lee, J.-H. (2022) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104413 · Cited by 60
An exploratory fNIRS study with immersive virtual reality: a new method for technical implementation
Seraglia, B., Gamberini, L., Priftis, K., Scatturin, P., Martinelli, M., & Cutini, S. (2011) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2011.00176 · Cited by 61
“Nowadays, Virtual Reality (VR) is a useful tool in several ﬁelds and has reached a considerable value in medical, psychological, and neuropsychological treatments (Wiederhold and Wiederhold, 2000; Merians et al., 2006; Optale et al., 2010; Tanaka et al., 2010; Tomikawa et al., 2010).”
MethodSelf-citation
Training in a comprehensive everyday-like virtual reality environment compared to computerized cognitive training for patients with depression
Dehn, L. B., Kater, L., Piefke, M., Botsch, M., Drießen, M., & Beblo, T. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.10.019 · Cited by 61
Are We There Yet? Immersive Virtual Reality to Improve Cognitive Function in Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment
Sayma, M., Tuijt, R., Cooper, C., & Walters, K. R. (2019) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnz132 · Cited by 57
Fully immersive virtual reality exergames with dual-task components for patients with Parkinson’s disease: a feasibility study
Yun, S. J., Hyun, S. E., Oh, B., & Seo, H. G. (2023) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-023-01215-7 · Cited by 58
“A higher immersion level allows patients to readily focus on therapy without external interference [17].”
Background
Effects of virtual reality on moods in community older adults. A multicenter randomized controlled trial
Chan, J. Y. C., Chan, T. K., Wong, M. P. F., Cheung, R. S. M., Yiu, K. K. L., & Tsoi, K. K. F. (2020) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5314 · Cited by 50
“cognitive functions of older adults.(8,9) Another study applied the VR daily living exercises in patients with stroke.”
Background
Technologically-enhanced psychological interventions for older adults: a scoping review
Riboni, F. V., Comazzi, B., Bercovitz, K. E., Castelnuovo, G., Molinari, E., & Pagnini, F. (2020) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-020-01594-9 · Cited by 59
“For example, one study found that older adults who underwent intense six-month VR memory training, involving auditory stimulation and VR experiences in pathfinding, showed improvements in memory tests, especially in the long-term recall, in comparison with those in a control group who demonstrated a decline [25].”
Background
Benefits in Alzheimer’s Disease of Sensory and Multisensory Stimulation
Yang, H., Luo, Y., Hu, Q., Tian, X., & Wen, H. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-201554 · Cited by 54
“Optale et al. [110] performed VR visual and auditory training onthirty-sixpatients.”
Bring the Outside In
Tabbaa, L., Ang, C. S., Rose, V., Siriaraya, P., Stewart, I., Jenkins, K. G., & Matsangidou, M. (2019) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290605.3300466 · Cited by 50
“Furthermore, VR has been explored as a tool for memory training [40] and improving functional autonomy such as cooking activities [41].”
Virtual reality and well-being in older adults: Results from a pilot implementation of virtual reality in long-term care
Chaze, F., Hayden, L., Azevedo, A., Kamath, A., Bucko, D., Kashlan, Y., Dube, M., De Paula, J., Jackson, A., Reyna, C., et al. (2022) · Journal of Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies Engineering · doi:10.1177/20556683211072384 · Cited by 72
“The researchers suggest that virtual reality memory training can be an effective tool to help improve memory function in elderly adults.(18) A recent longitudinal one-month-long pilot study(31) examined the effectiveness of a music and reminiscence cognitive stimulation interactive platform Musiquence for people livin…”
Background
Reminiscence Therapy using Image-Based Rendering in VR
Chapoulie, E., Guerchouche, R., Petit, P., Chaurasia, G., Robert, P. H., & George Drettakis, B. (2014) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR) · doi:10.1109/vr.2014.6802049 · Cited by 46
“More recent results show that memory function can be improved with immersive audio-visual VR for the elderly [24].”
Background
Computerised cognitive training for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in midlife
Gates, N. J., Rutjes, A. W., Di Nisio, M., Karim, S., Chong, L.-Y., March, E., Martínez, G., & Vernooij, R. W. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012278.pub2 · Cited by 46
The Efficacy of a Virtual Reality-Based Mindfulness Intervention
Yildirim, C., & O'Grady, T. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality (AIVR) · doi:10.1109/aivr50618.2020.00035 · Cited by 49
Facial Electromyography-based Adaptive Virtual Reality Gaming for Cognitive Training
Reidy, L., Chan, D., Nduka, C. C., & Güneş, H. (2020) · INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION · doi:10.1145/3382507.3418845 · Cited by 52
“ry). Optale et al. conducted a 6-month long randomised controlled pilot study investigating the efﬁcacy of their VR training intervention in lessening cognitive decline and improving memory functions [37]. The VR tasks asked the user to navigate a simple environment and tested their capacity to recall the route they h…”
Method
Investigating the mental health implications of urban environments with neuroscientific methods and mobile technologies: A systematic literature review
Buttazzoni, A. N., Parker, A., & Minaker, L. M. (2021) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102597 · Cited by 49
VR usability from elderly cohorts: Preparatory challenges in overcoming technology rejection
Coldham, G., & Cook, D. M. (2017) · 2017 National Information Technology Conference (NITC) · doi:10.1109/nitc.2017.8285645 · Cited by 47
“As the global population greets the growing number of senior citizens who live longer and under more healthy conditions, there is a growing requirement to understand virtual reality componentry as useful instruments for assistive technologies, authentic training, and purposerelated experiences [10].”
Background
Virtual Reality Training for Public Speaking—A QUEST-VR Framework Validation
Poeschl, S. (2017) · Frontiers in ICT · doi:10.3389/fict.2017.00013 · Cited by 47
“, 2009) as well as memory training (Optale et al., 2010).”
Background
Remote Home-Based Virtual Training of Functional Living Skills for Adolescents and Young Adults With Intellectual Disability: Feasibility and Preliminary Results
Panerai, S., Catania, V., Rundo, F., & Ferri, R. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01730 · Cited by 44
“Several studies have shown that VR can produce a significant clinical impact and most of them have focused on the use of VR as an assessment tool, while some others show impact on rehabilitation training of cognitive, motor, social, and daily life functions (Standen and Brown, 2005; Keshner and Weiss, 2007; Optale et…”
Background
Effects of incorporating virtual reality training intervention into health care on cognitive function and wellbeing in older adults with cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled trial
Chiu, H.-M., Hsu, M., & Ouyang, W. (2022) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2022.102957 · Cited by 46
Virtual Reality Technology in Cognitive Rehabilitation Application: Bibliometric Analysis
He, D., Cao, S., Le, Y., Wang, M., Chen, Y., & Qian, B. (2022) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/38315 · Cited by 72
“Optale et al [14] conducted a randomized controlled trial to examine the effectiveness of a VR intervention in older adults with memory deficits.”
Background
Two Immersive Virtual Reality Tasks for the Assessment of Spatial Orientation in Older Adults with and Without Cognitive Impairment: Concurrent Validity, Group Comparison, and Accuracy Results
da Costa, R. Q. M., Pompeu, J. E., Moretto, E. G., Silva, J. M., dos Santos, M. D., Nitríni, R., & Brucki, S. M. D. (2021) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617721000655 · Cited by 41
Changes in concentration performance and alternating attention after short-term virtual reality training in E-athletes: a pilot study
Lachowicz, M., Żurek, A., Jamro, D., Serweta-Pawlik, A., & Żurek, G. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-59539-w · Cited by 39
“While previous studies have explored the benefits of VR training in cognitive domains, such as memory 34,35 , decision-making 36 , spatial awareness 37 , visuospatial memory 38 and other CF, to our knowledge, there have been no studies to date regarding VR training of concentration performance and…”
Background
Virtual reality applications based on instrumental activities of daily living (iADLs) for cognitive intervention in older adults: a systematic review
Buele, J., Aldás, J. V., & Palacios-Navarro, G. (2023) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-023-01292-8 · Cited by 53
“In (n = 8) [54, 57, 60, 61, 66–68, 70 ], dropouts”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The effects of exergames on emotional well-being of older adults
Zheng, H., Li, J., Salmon, C., & Theng, Y. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106383 · Cited by 31
Music intervention on cognitive dysfunction in healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Xu, B., Sui, Y., Zhu, C., Yang, X., Zhou, J., Li, L., Ren, L., & Wang, X. (2017) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-017-2878-9 · Cited by 37
Participatory design and evaluation of virtual reality physical rehabilitation for people living with dementia
Matsangidou, M., Frangoudes, F., Schiza, E. C., Neokleous, K. C., Papayianni, E., Xenari, K., Avraamides, M. N., & Pattichis, C. S. (2022) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-022-00639-1 · Cited by 35
“…deficiencies (Cheng et al. 2014; Ijaz et al. 2019; Loprinzi et al. 2013; Littbrand et al. 2011; Pitkälä et al. 2013; Potter et al. 2011), memory (Optale et al. 2010) spatial navigation (Cushman et al. 2008; Zakzanis et al. 2009), and executive functions such as planning activities (Manera et…”
Background
Cancer-related cognitive impairment: current perspectives on the management of cognitive changes following cancer treatment
Binarelli, G., Duivon, M., Joly, F., Ahmed-Lecheheb, D., & Lange, M. (2023) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2023.2187288 · Cited by 35
Virtual reality for older users: a systematic literature review
Silva, R. S., Mol, A. M., & Ishitani, L. (2019) · International Journal of Virtual Reality · doi:10.20870/ijvr.2019.19.1.2908 · Cited by 35
An Immersive and Interactive Platform for Cognitive Assessment and Rehabilitation (bWell): Design and Iterative Development Process
Shaigetz, V. G., Proulx, C., Cabral, A., Choudhury, N., Hewko, M. D., Kohlenberg, E. M., Segado, M., Smith, M. S. D., & Debergue, P. (2021) · JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies · doi:10.2196/26629 · Cited by 37
“In a systematic review of VR cognitive rehabilitation, Larson et al [21] identify a few randomized controlled trials demonstrating effective training for memory [22-24], executive functioning [25], and visual attention [26] and conclude that further studies in the field are needed.”
Background
Integrative rehabilitation of residents chronic post-stroke in skilled nursing facilities: the design and evaluation of the BrightArm Duo
House, G., Burdea, G., Polistico, K., Roll, D., Kim, J., Grampurohit, N., Damiani, F., Keeler, S., Hundal, J. S., & Pollack, S. Z. (2015) · Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology · doi:10.3109/17483107.2015.1068384 · Cited by 34
“ment on memory tests when the participants were exposed to 3 months of intensive virtual reality training followed by 3 months of periodic booster sessions [39].”
Background
Immersive Virtual Reality and Complex Skill Learning: Transfer Effects After Training in Younger and Older Adults
Dobrowolski, P., Skorko, M., Pochwatko, G., Myśliwiec, M., & Grabowski, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2020.604008 · Cited by 37
Benefits of computer-based memory and attention training in healthy older adults.
Chambon, C., Herrera, C., Romaiguère, P., Paban, V., & Alescio‐Lautier, B. (2014) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0037477 · Cited by 36
A theoretical framework for cognitive and non-cognitive interventions for older adults: stimulation versus compensation
Kim, E. Y., & Kim, K. W. (2013) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2013.868404 · Cited by 35
“The study by Optale et al. (2010) that provided elderly subjects with mild memory impairment with problem-solving tasks, including auditory and novel visual stimuli such as taking a walk on a virtual, exotic beach, reported improved memory functions, especially in long-term recall.”
Background
What Do We Know about The Use of Virtual Reality in the Rehabilitation Field? A Brief Overview
Naro, A., & Calabrò, R. S. (2021) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics10091042 · Cited by 33
“, 2010 [96] 36 MCI VR memory training 2/week, 12 weeks Better cognitive outcome after VR”
BackgroundMethod
Multipurpose Virtual Reality Environment for Biomedical and Health Applications
Torner, J., Skouras, S., Molinuevo, J. L., Gispert, J. D., & Alpiste, F. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2019.2926786 · Cited by 32
“functioning in people with mild cognitive impairment [16] 81”
Background
The Use of Virtual Reality Through Head-Mounted Display on Balance and Gait in Older Adults: A Scoping Review
Delgado, F., & Ananian, C. D. (2020) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2019.0159 · Cited by 32
“18,19 While there have been several studies examining the effects of non-VR-HMD systems on balance and gait outcomes with OAs, 8–12 research examining the effects of VR-HMD is limited.”
Testing the Feasibility of Virtual Reality With Older Adults With Cognitive Impairments and Their Family Members Who Live at a Distance
Afifi, T. D., Collins, N. L., Rand, K., Fujiwara, K., Mazur, A. P., Otmar, C. D., Dunbar, N. E., Harrison, K., & Logsdon, R. G. (2021) · Innovation in Aging · doi:10.1093/geroni/igab014 · Cited by 34
“Other researchers have found that VR can enhance autobiographical memory in older adults with MCI (Benoit, 2015) and that VR can improve memory in older adults with MCI more than music therapy (Optale et al., 2010).”
Background
Risk Profiles of Alzheimer Disease
Bilbul, M., & Schipper, H. M. (2011) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/s0317167100012129 · Cited by 34
Study of virtual reality for mild cognitive impairment: A bibliometric analysis using CiteSpace
Zhu, K., Lin, R., & Li, H. (2021) · International Journal of Nursing Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijnss.2021.12.007 · Cited by 31
“One of Optale’s studies tested the effects of VR cognitive interventions on memory improvement among older adults and concluded that VR cognitive interventions could improve memory function by enhancing hearing stimulation [27].”
Background
Virtual reality in the diagnostics and therapy of neurological diseases
Słyk, S., Zarzycki, M. Z., Kocwa-Karnaś, A., & Domitrz, I. (2019) · Expert Review of Medical Devices · doi:10.1080/17434440.2019.1693892 · Cited by 30
“Memory impaired elderly adults without serious medical conditions (cancer, stroke, or other brain diseases) were trained for 6 months using immersive VR memory training [36].”
MethodResult

Authors: Optale, G., Urgesi, C., Busato, V., Marin, S., Piron, L., Priftis, K., Gamberini, L., Capodieci, S., & Bordin, A.
Affiliations: Association of Medical Psychotherapists, Venice, Italy, , Psychosexology, ASL12, Mestre, Venice, Italy
University of Udine (IT)
Consorzio Sociale CPS gestore centro servizi “Anni Sereni” Rest-Home, Scorzè, Venice, Italy
Association of Medical Psychotherapists, Venice, Italy, Psychosexology, ASL12, Mestre, Venice, Italy
University of Padua (IT)
Association of Medical Psychotherapists, Venice, Italy
Corresponding author: Optale, Gabriele
ORCID: Urgesi, Cosimo
Priftis, Konstantinos
Gamberini, Luciano
Venue: Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2009-11-24
Volume: 24
Issue: 4
Pages: 348-357
ISSN: 0888-4390 (ISSN-L)
1545-9683
1552-6844
DOI: 10.1177/1545968309353328
OpenAlex: W2131366419
Cited by: 318
References: 48
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 5.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Licence: other-oa
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Neurorehabilitation and neural repair (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Institutional Research Information System (University of Udine) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Ministero della Salute
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
Keywords: memory impairment, older adults, cognitive decline, music therapy, auditory stimulation, path finding, focused attention, nursing home residents, cognitive rehabilitation
MeSH terms: Acoustic Stimulation, Aged, 80 and over, Analysis of Variance, Attention, Female, Humans, Male, Memory Disorders, Music Therapy, Neuropsychological Tests, Pilot Projects, Mental Recall, Time Factors, User-Computer Interface, Single-Blind Method, Treatment Outcome

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Controlling Memory Impairment in Elderly Adults Using Virtual Reality Memory Training: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks