Conducting Meta-Analyses Based on p Values: Reservations and Recommendations for Applying p -Uniform and p -Curve
Open accessAbstract
Because of overwhelming evidence of publication bias in psychology, techniques to correct meta-analytic estimates for such bias are greatly needed. The methodology on which the p-uniform and p-curve methods are based has great promise for providing accurate meta-analytic estimates in the presence of publication bias. However, in this article, we show that in some situations, p-curve behaves erratically, whereas p-uniform may yield implausible estimates of negative effect size. Moreover, we show that (and explain why) p-curve and p-uniform result in overestimation of effect size under moderate-to-large heterogeneity and may yield unpredictable bias when researchers employ p-hacking. We offer hands-on recommendations on applying and interpreting results of meta-analyses in general and p-uniform and p-curve in particular. Both methods as well as traditional methods are applied to a meta-analysis on the effect of weight on judgments of importance. We offer guidance for applying p-uniform or p-curve using R and a user-friendly web application for applying p-uniform.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
With moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 42.01%), the true effect size estimates are expected to be robust.
“With a moderate ( < 50%) level of heterogeneity in included comparisons ( I 2 = 42.01%), we expect these estimates to be robust (van Aert etal., 2016).”
From When Problem Solving Followed by Instruction Works: Evidence for Productive Failure (2021) · cites this paper as van Aert et al., 2016
In the section “If Heterogeneity Is Moderate to Large, p-Curve and p-Uniform Overestimate Effect Size” (page unavailable), the paper reports that effect-size estimates are biased at its moderate-heterogeneity condition (I² ≈ 0.5). It does not assess I² = 42.01%, so that exact threshold is not tested; its finding does not support the cited expectation that moderate heterogeneity makes the estimates robust. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
R Core Team (2000) · doi:10.32614/r.manuals · Cited by 355,706 · see citing works
Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis
Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1186 · Cited by 36,763 · see citing works
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9780470743386 · Cited by 14,225 · see citing works
Statistical Methods for Research Workers
Fisher, R. A. (1945) · American Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1093/ajcp/15.11.552b · Cited by 10,883 · see citing works
Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611417632 · Cited by 6,567 · see citing works
The Handbook of Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis
(2019) · doi:10.7758/9781610448864 · Cited by 4,553 · see citing works
Measuring the Prevalence of Questionable Research Practices With Incentives for Truth Telling
John, L. K., Loewenstein, G., & Prelec, D. (2012) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611430953 · Cited by 2,239 · see citing works
Statistical Methods for Research Workers.
I., L., & Fisher, R. A. (1926) · Journal Of The Royal Statistical Society · doi:10.2307/2341488 · Cited by 2,171 · see citing works
P-curve: A key to the file-drawer.
Simonsohn, U., Nelson, L. D., & Simmons, J. P. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/a0033242 · Cited by 1,500 · see citing works
Why Most Discovered True Associations Are Inflated
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2008) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e31818131e7 · Cited by 1,495 · see citing works
Negative results are disappearing from most disciplines and countries
Fanelli, D. (2012) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-011-0494-7 · Cited by 1,248 · see citing works
Investigating Variation in Replicability: A “Many Labs” Replication Project
Klein, R. A., Ratliff, K. A., Vianello, M., Adams, R. B., Bahník, Š., Bernstein, M. J., Bocian, K., Brandt, M. J., Brooks, B., Brumbaugh, C. C., et al. (2014) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000178 · Cited by 1,208 · see citing works
Field, A. P., & Gillett, R. (2010) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1348/000711010x502733 · Cited by 1,162 · see citing works
Stanley, T. D., & Doucouliagos, H. (2014) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1095 · Cited by 916 · see citing works
Regression Methods to Detect Publication and Other Bias in Meta‐Analysis
Sterne, J. A. C., & Egger, M. (2005) · Publication Bias in Meta‐Analysis · doi:10.1002/0470870168.ch6 · Cited by 826 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Previous research has suggested that p-uniform’s publication bias test has higher statistical power than traditional tests (van Assen et al., 2015), which are known to have low statistical power (e.g., Borenstein et al., 2009; Sterne & Egger, 2005).”
BackgroundThe rules of the game called psychological science
Bakker, M., van Dijk, A., & Wicherts, J. M. (2012) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691612459060 · Cited by 800 · see citing works
Self-citation<i>p</i> -Curve and Effect Size: Correcting for Publication Bias Using Only Significant Results
Simonsohn, U., Nelson, L. D., & Simmons, J. P. (2014) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614553988 · Cited by 717 · see citing works
Schmidt, F. L., Oh, I., & Hayes, T. L. (2008) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1348/000711007x255327 · Cited by 713 · see citing works
Incidental Haptic Sensations Influence Social Judgments and Decisions
Ackerman, J. M., Nocera, C. C., & Bargh, J. A. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1189993 · Cited by 575 · see citing works
The prevalence of statistical reporting errors in psychology (1985–2013)
Nuijten, M. B., Hartgerink, C. H. J., van Assen, M. A. L. M., Epskamp, S., & Wicherts, J. M. (2016) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-015-0664-2 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Self-citationFerguson, C. J., & Brannick, M. Τ. (2011) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0024445 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Sterling, T. D., Rosenbaum, W. L., & Weinkam, J. J. (1995) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1080/00031305.1995.10476125 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Weight as an Embodiment of Importance
Jostmann, N. B., Lakens, D., & Schubert, T. W. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02426.x · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Moreno, S. G., Sutton, A. J., Ades, A., Stanley, T. D., Abrams, K. R., Peters, J. L., & Cooper, N. J. (2009) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-9-2 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
The Behavior of the P-Value When the Alternative Hypothesis is True
Hung, H., O’Neill, R. T., Bauer, P., & Kohne, K. (1997) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2533093 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Meta-analysis using effect size distributions of only statistically significant studies.
van Assen, M. A. L. M., van Aert, R. C. M., & Wicherts, J. M. (2015) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000025 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Self-citationRandom Number Generation and Monte Carlo Methods
Gentle, J. E. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/b97336 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Hedges, L. V. (1984) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.3102/10769986009001061 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
p-Curve and p-Hacking in Observational Research
Bruns, S. B., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149144 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Bakker, M., & Wicherts, J. M. (2014) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000014 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Self-citationR.Black, T. (2002) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9780857020208.n7 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Sensitivity analysis and diagnostics.
Greenhouse, J. B., & Iyengar, S. (1994) · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Moreno, S. G., Sutton, A. J., Turner, E. H., Abrams, K. R., Cooper, N. J., Palmer, T. M., & Ades, A. E. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2981 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Sterling, T. D., Rosenbaum, W. L., & Jj, W. (1995) · The American Statistician · doi:10.2307/2684823 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Replication, statistical consistency, and publication bias.
Francis, G. (2013) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2013.02.003 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Estimating effect size: Bias resulting from the significance criterion in editorial decisions
Lane, D. M., & Dunlap, W. P. (1978) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1978.tb00578.x · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Hedges, L. V., & Vevea, J. (2005) · Publication Bias in Meta‐Analysis · doi:10.1002/0470870168.ch9 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Outlier Removal and the Relation with Reporting Errors and Quality of Psychological Research
Bakker, M., & Wicherts, J. M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103360 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationDisembodiment: Abstract construal attenuates the influence of contextual bodily state in judgment.
Maglio, S. J., & Yaacov Trope, B. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0024520 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Chandler, J., Reinhard, D. A., & Schwarz, N. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.03.003 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
From Physical Weight to Psychological Significance: The Contribution of Semantic Activations
Zhang, M., & Li, X. (2012) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/661768 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Distributions of p -values smaller than .05 in psychology: what is going on?
Hartgerink, C. H. J., van Aert, R. C. M., Nuijten, M. B., Wicherts, J. M., & van Assen, M. A. L. M. (2016) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.1935 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationUlrich, R., & Miller, J. O. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000086 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
A Bayesian approach to mitigation of publication bias
Guan, M., & Vandekerckhove, J. (2015) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-015-0868-6 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Extreme between-study homogeneity in meta-analyses could offer useful insights
Ioannidis, J. P. A., Trikalinos, T. A., & Zintzaras, E. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.02.013 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Comment: What p -hacking really looks like: A comment on Masicampo and LaLande (2012)
Lakens, D. (2014) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2014.982664 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The burden of guilt: Heavy backpacks, light snacks, and enhanced morality.
Kouchaki, M., Francesca Gino, B., & Jami, A. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0031769 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
When Body and Mind Are Talking
Häfner, M. (2013) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000194 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Do baseline p-values follow a uniform distribution in randomised trials?
Bland, M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076010 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Rabelo, A. L. A., Keller, V. N., Pilati, R., & Wicherts, J. M. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134808 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationKaspar, K. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078307 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Incidental Haptic Stimulation in the Context of Flirt Behavior
Kaspar, K., & Krull, J. (2013) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-013-0154-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Replicability of Social-Cognitive Priming: The Case of Weight as an Embodiment of ImportancePreprint
IJzerman, H., Padiotis, N., & Koole, S. L. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2255726 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Witkovský, V. (2013) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1306.5294 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
- Augusteijn H. E. M. (2015). The effect of publication bias on the Q test and assessment of heterogeneity (Unpublished master’s thesis). Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sisk, V. F., Burgoyne, A. P., Sun, J., Butler, J. L., & Macnamara, B. N. (2018) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797617739704 · Cited by 1,040 · see citing works
Effect Size Guidelines, Sample Size Calculations, and Statistical Power in Gerontology
Brydges, C. R. (2019) · Innovation in Aging · doi:10.1093/geroni/igz036 · Cited by 826 · see citing works
O’Dea, R. E., Lagisz, M., Jennions, M. D., Koricheva, J., Noble, D. W. A., Parker, T. H., Gurevitch, J., Page, M. J., Stewart, G. B., Moher, D., et al. (2021) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12721 · Cited by 771 · see citing works
Wicherts, J. M., Veldkamp, C. L. S., Augusteijn, H. E. M., Bakker, M., van Aert, R. C. M., & van Assen, M. A. L. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01832 · Cited by 754 · see citing works
Self-citationCorrecting for Bias in Psychology: A Comparison of Meta-Analytic Methods
Carter, E. C., Schönbrodt, F. D., Gervais, W. M., & Hilgard, J. (2019) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2515245919847196 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Nelson, L. D., Simmons, J., & Simonsohn, U. (2018) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011836 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Methods for testing publication bias in ecological and evolutionary meta‐analyses
Nakagawa, S., Lagisz, M., Jennions, M. D., Koricheva, J., Noble, D. W. A., Parker, T. H., Sánchez‐Tójar, A., Yang, Y., & O’Dea, R. E. (2021) · Methods in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1111/2041-210x.13724 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Harrer, M., Adam, S. H., Baumeister, H., Cuijpers, P., Karyotaki, E., Auerbach, R. P., Kessler, R. C., Bruffaerts, R., Berking, M., & Ebert, D. D. (2019) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1759 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
McShane, B. B., Böckenholt, U., & Hansen, K. T. (2016) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616662243 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Publication bias examined in meta-analyses from psychology and medicine: A meta-meta-analysis
van Aert, R. C. M., Wicherts, J. M., & van Assen, M. A. L. M. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215052 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Self-citationA meta-analysis of the ecological and economic outcomes of mangrove restoration
Su, J., Friess, D. A., & Gasparatos, A. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25349-1 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
What meta-analyses reveal about the replicability of psychological research.
Stanley, T. D., Carter, E. C., & Doucouliagos, H. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000169 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Comparing meta-analyses and preregistered multiple-laboratory replication projects
Kvarven, A., Strømland, E., & Johannesson, M. (2019) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-019-0787-z · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Limitations of PET-PEESE and Other Meta-Analysis Methods
Stanley, T. D. (2017) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550617693062 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Afonso, J. R., Ramírez‐Campillo, R., Clemente, F. M., Büttner, F., & Andrade, R. (2023) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-023-01927-9 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
When Problem Solving Followed by Instruction Works: Evidence for Productive Failure
Sinha, T., & Kapur, M. (2021) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543211019105 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
“%) level of heterogeneity in included comparisons (I2 = 42.01%), we expect these estimates to be robust (van Aert et al., 2016).”
InfluentialPrevalence of burnout in medical students: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Almutairi, H., Alsubaiei, A., Abduljawad, S., Alshatti, A., Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Husni, M., & Jahrami, H. (2022) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640221106691 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Efficacy of binaural auditory beats in cognition, anxiety, and pain perception: a meta-analysis
Garcia‐Argibay, M., Germán, M. Á. S., & Avilés, J. M. R. (2018) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-018-1066-8 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
A historical review of publication bias
Marks‐Anglin, A., & Chen, Y. (2020) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1452 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Hilgard, J., Engelhardt, C. R., & Rouder, J. N. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000074 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Questionable research practices among italian research psychologists
Agnoli, F., Wicherts, J. M., Veldkamp, C. L. S., Albiero, P., & Cubelli, R. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172792 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationPhilosophy of science and the replicability crisis
Romero, F. (2019) · Philosophy Compass · doi:10.1111/phc3.12633 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Big little lies: a compendium and simulation of p -hacking strategies
Stefan, A. M., & Schönbrodt, F. D. (2023) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.220346 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Brain volume and intelligence: The moderating role of intelligence measurement quality
Gignac, G. E., & Bates, T. C. (2017) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2017.06.004 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Chinazzo, G., Andersen, R., Azar, E., Barthelmes, V., Becchio, C., Belussi, L., Berger, C., Carlucci, S., Corgnati, S., Crosby, S., et al. (2022) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109719 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Prevention of eating disorders at universities: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Harrer, M., Adam, S. H., Meßner, E.-M., Baumeister, H., Cuijpers, P. J., Bruffaerts, R., Auerbach, R. P., Kessler, R. C., Jacobi, C., Taylor, C. B., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23224 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Motyl, M. S., Demos, A. P., Carsel, T. S., Hanson, B. E., Melton, Z. J., Mueller, A. B., Prims, J., Sun, J., Washburn, A. N., Wong, K., et al. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000084 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Gaekwad, J. S., Moslehian, A. S., & Roös, P. B. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102085 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Correcting for publication bias in a meta-analysis with the p-uniform* method
van Aert, R. C. M., & van Assen, M. A. L. M. (2026) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-025-02812-4 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Alhaj, O. A., Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Sweidan, D. H., Saif, Z., Khudhair, M. F., Ghazzawi, H., Nadar, M. S., Alhajeri, S. S., Levine, M. P., & Jahrami, H. (2022) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-022-01452-0 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Boggero, I. A., Hostinar, C. E., Haak, E. A., Murphy, M. L. M., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2017) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.08.058 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Effects of action video game play on cognitive skills: A meta-analysis.
Bediou, B., Rodgers, M. A., Tipton, E., Mayer, R. E., Green, C. S., & Bavelier, D. (2023) · Technology Mind and Behavior · doi:10.1037/tmb0000102 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
A Meta-Analytic Re-Appraisal of the Framing Effect
Steiger, A., & Kühberger, A. (2018) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000321 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Corruption Information and Vote Share: A Meta-Analysis and Lessons for Experimental Design
Incerti, T. (2020) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s000305542000012x · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Human Fear Chemosignaling: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis
de Groot, J. H. B., & Smeets, M. A. M. (2017) · Chemical Senses · doi:10.1093/chemse/bjx049 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Rogde, K., Hagen, Å. M. M., Melby‐Lervåg, M., & Lervåg, A. (2019) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.1059 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
van den Akker, O. R., van Assen, M. A. L. M., van Vugt, M., & Wicherts, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2020.102329 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationA comprehensive meta-analysis of money priming.
Lodder, P., Ong, H. H., Grasman, R. P. P. P., & Wicherts, J. M. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000570 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationHeterogeneity in effect size estimates
Holzmeister, F., Johannesson, M., BOHM, R. M., Dreber, A., Huber, J., & Kirchler, M. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2403490121 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Heterogeneity in direct replications in psychology and its association with effect size.
Olsson-Collentine, A., Wicherts, J. M., & van Assen, M. A. L. M. (2020) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000294 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationSystematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Correlates of FFMQ Mindfulness Facets
Mattes, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02684 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Estimating Population Mean Power Under Conditions of Heterogeneity and Selection for Significance
Brunner, J., & Schimmack, U. (2020) · Meta-Psychology · doi:10.15626/mp.2018.874 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Psychological Effects of Meditation for Healthy Practitioners: An Update
Sedlmeier, P., Loße, C., & Quasten, L. C. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0780-4 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The Effect of Publication Bias on the Q Test and Assessment of Heterogeneity
Augusteijn, H., van Aert, R. V., & van Assen, M. (2019) · Psychological methods · doi:10.1037/met0000197 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Keating, D. M., & Totzkay, D. (2019) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1080/23808985.2019.1632218 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Mayo, O., Lavidor, M., & Gordon, I. (2021) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113391 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Daher‐Nashif, S., Alhuwailah, A., Gahtani, H. M. S. A., Hubail, S., Shuwiekh, H. A. M., Khudhair, M. F., Alhaj, O. A., Bragazzi, N. L., & Jahrami, H. (2022) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-021-01351-w · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Kvarven, A., Strømland, E., Wollbrant, C., Andersson, D., Johannesson, M., Tinghög, G., Västfjäll, D., & Myrseth, K. O. R. (2020) · Journal of the Economic Science Association · doi:10.1007/s40881-020-00084-3 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Replication and Reproducibility in Cross-Cultural Psychology
Milfont, T. L., & Klein, R. A. (2018) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022117744892 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Perceived crisis and reforms: Issues, explanations, and remedies.
de Boeck, P. A. L., & Jeon, M. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000154 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Child physical abuse risk factors: A systematic review and a meta-analysis
Milner, J. S., Crouch, J. L., McCarthy, R. J., Ammar, J., Dominguez-Martinez, R., Thomas, C. L., & Jensen, A. P. (2022) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2022.101778 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of the survival-processing advantage in memory
Scofield, J. E., Buchanan, E. M., & Kostic, B. N. (2017) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-017-1346-0 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Huynh, L. T. M., Su, J., Wang, Q., Stringer, L. C., Switzer, A. D., & Gasparatos, A. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-46970-w · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Schaerer, M., du Plessis, C., Nguyen, M. H. B., van Aert, R. C. M., Tiokhin, L., Lakens, D., Giulia Clemente, E., Pfeiffer, T., Dreber, A., Johannesson, M., et al. (2023) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2023.104280 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-correction in science: Meta-analysis, bias and social structure
Bruner, J., & Holman, B. (2019) · Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A · doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2019.02.001 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The Role of Inflammation in Tinnitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Mennink, L. M., Aalbers, M. W., van Dijk, P., & van Dijk, J. M. C. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11041000 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
How to Detect Publication Bias in Psychological Research
Renkewitz, F., & Keiner, M. (2019) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000386 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Siegel, M., Eder, J. S. N., Wicherts, J. M., & Pietschnig, J. (2021) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000991 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationClayson, P. E., Carbine, K. A., & Larson, M. J. (2020) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.01.005 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Bayesian evaluation of effect size after replicating an original study
van Aert, R. C. M., & van Assen, M. A. L. M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175302 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The Weak Spots in Contemporary Science (and How to Fix Them)
Wicherts, J. M. (2017) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani7120090 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationEitan, O., Viganola, D., Inbar, Y., Dreber, A., Johannesson, M., Pfeiffer, T., Thau, S., & Uhlmann, E. L. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2018.06.004 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Zarski, A., Velten, J., Knauer, J., Berking, M., & Ebert, D. D. (2022) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-022-00670-1 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Benefits of the microalgae Spirulina and Schizochytrium in fish nutrition: a meta-analysis
Trevi, S., Webster, T. M. U., Consuegra, S., & de Leániz, C. G. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-29183-x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Fear and safety learning in anxiety- and stress-related disorders: An updated meta-analysis
Kausche, F. M., Carsten, H. P., Sobania, K. M., & Riesel, A. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105983 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
P-curving the fusiform face area: Meta-analyses support the expertise hypothesis
Burns, E. J., Arnold, T., & Bukach, C. M. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.07.003 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Toward a Model of Statistical Learning and Reading: Evidence From a Meta-Analysis
Lee, S. M. K., Cui, Y., & Tong, S. X. (2022) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543211073188 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Thomson, A. R., Pasanta, D., Arichi, T., & Puts, N. A. J. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105728 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Lutz, M. C., Kok, R., Verveer, I., Malbec, M., Koot, S., van Lier, P. A. C., & Franken, I. H. A. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.200031 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Assessing Publication Bias: a 7-Step User’s Guide with Best-Practice Recommendations
Kepes, S., Wang, W., & Cortina, J. M. (2022) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-022-09840-0 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The Debate on the Ego-Depletion Effect: Evidence from Meta-Analysis with the p-Uniform Method
Blázquez-Rincón, D., Botella, J., & Suero, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00197 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Conus, P., Krebs, M., Cheour, M., Seeman, M. V., & Jahrami, H. (2022) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13494 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Measuring Sex Differences and Similarities
Giudice, M. D. (2022) · Focus on sexuality research · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-84273-4_1 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Using Monte Carlo experiments to select meta‐analytic estimators
Hong, S., & Reed, W. R. (2020) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1467 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
A Series of Meta-Analytic Tests of the Efficacy of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy
Woll-Weber, C. F. J., & Schönbrodt, F. D. (2019) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000385 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Jütten, L. H., Mark, R. E., Wicherts, J. M., & Sitskoorn, M. M. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-180508 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationVan Hiel, A., Onraet, E., Bostyn, D. H., Stadeus, J., Haesevoets, T., Van Assche, J., & Roets, A. (2020) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2020.1778324 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Examining the Reproducibility of Meta-Analyses in Psychology: A Preliminary ReportPreprint
Lakens, D., Page‐Gould, E., van Assen, M. A. L. M., Spellman, B., Schönbrodt, F. D., Hasselman, F., Corker, K. S., Grange, J., Sharples, A. E., Cavender, C., et al. (2017) · doi:10.31222/osf.io/xfbjf · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Schindler, S., Hilgard, J., Fritsche, I., Burke, B., & Pfattheicher, S. (2023) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/10888683221107267 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Meta-analyzing the multiverse: A peek under the hood of selective reporting.
Olsson-Collentine, A., van Aert, R. C. M., Bakker, M., & Wicherts, J. M. (2023) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000559 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationOuyang, X., Wang, Q., Li, X., Zhang, T., & Rastogi, S. (2023) · Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research · doi:10.1186/s13018-023-03992-2 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
de Ribera, O. S., Kavish, N., Katz, I. M., & Boutwell, B. B. (2019) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2207 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Siegel, M., Legler, M., Neziraj, F., Goldberg, A. E., & Zemp, M. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9091364 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Ebrahim, A. H., Dhahi, A., Husain, M. A., & Jahrami, H. (2021) · Sultan Qaboos University medical journal · doi:10.18295/squmj.6.2021.081 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Wicherts, J. M., Veldkamp, C. L. S., Augusteijn, H. E. M., Bakker, M., van Aert, R. C. M., & van Assen, M. A. L. M. (2016) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/umq8d · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationThe impact of speculation on commodity prices: A Meta-Granger analysis
Wimmer, T., Geyer‐Klingeberg, J., Hütter, M., Schmid, F., & Rathgeber, A. (2020) · Journal of commodity markets · doi:10.1016/j.jcomm.2020.100148 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
van Aert, R. C. M., & van Assen, M. A. L. M. (2017) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-017-0967-6 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Retrospective median power, false positive meta‐analysis and large‐scale replication
Stanley, T. D., Doucouliagos, H., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2021) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1529 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
New developments in research methods
Ledgerwood, A. (2019) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Who Should Do Replication Labor?
Romero, F. (2018) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2515245918803619 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Examining publication bias—a simulation-based evaluation of statistical tests on publication bias
Schneck, A. (2017) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.4115 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
A meta‐analysis on the effects of just‐below versus round prices
Troll, E. S., Frankenbach, J., Friese, M., & Loschelder, D. D. (2023) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcpy.1353 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Geller, S., Wilhelm, O., Wacker, J., Hamm, A. O., & Hildebrandt, A. (2017) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2017.09.002 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Ray, L. A., Du, H., Green, R., Roche, D. J. O., & Bujarski, S. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-020-00913-3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Approaches for identifying and managing publication bias in meta-analysis
Fajar, J. K. (2024) · Deka in Medicine · doi:10.69863/dim.v1i1.1 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Schoffelen, J., Pesci, U. G., & Noppeney, U. (2024) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_02118 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The Evidentiary Basis for Political Listening: A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Feeling Heard
Vogel, E., & Gastil, J. (2025) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2025.2496961 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Systematic review and meta analysis of chatbots in the management of depressive and anxiety symptoms
Sohn, J.-S., Ha, B., Park, S., Kim, J.-J., Lee, E., Oh, H., Lee, S., & Kim, E. (2026) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02566-w · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Rates of Violence During First-Episode Psychosis (FEP)
Youn, S., Guadagno, B. L., Byrne, L. K., Watson, A., Murrihy, S., & Cotton, S. (2024) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbae010 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Holman, B. (2018) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-018-1690-2 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
- Authors
- van Aert, R. C. M., Wicherts, J. M., & van Assen, M. A. L. M.
- Affiliations
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University
- Tilburg University (NL)
- ORCID
- Wicherts, Jelte M.
- Venue
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-09
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 713-729
- ISSN
- 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-6924
- PMC
- PMC5117126
- OpenAlex
- W2526603989
- Cited by
- 219
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 22.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Perspectives on Psychological Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research portal (Tilburg University) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › scientometrics and bibliometrics research
- Keywords
- p-curve, publication bias, meta-analysis, effect size estimation, p-hacking, heterogeneity, effect size overestimation, R package, web application
- MeSH terms
- Data Interpretation, Statistical, Humans, Psychology, Software, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Models, Statistical, Publication Bias, Internet
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
