Cited by 1,546Emotions and Moral BehaviorAttachment and Relationship DynamicsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Emotion Elicits the Social Sharing of Emotion: Theory and Empirical Review

Rimé, Bernard·2009·Emotion Review

DOI 10.1177/1754073908097189

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Abstract

This review demonstrates that an individualist view of emotion and regulation is untenable. First, I question the plausibility of a developmental shift away from social interdependency in emotion regulation. Second, I show that there are multiple reasons for emotional experiences in adults to elicit a process of social sharing of emotion, and I review the supporting evidence. Third, I look at effects that emotion sharing entails at the interpersonal and at the collective levels. Fourth, I examine the contribution of emotional sharing to emotion regulation together with the relevant empirical evidence. Finally, the various functions that the social sharing of emotion fulfills are reviewed and the relevance of the social sharing of emotion for emotion scientists is discussed.

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“This is because, on the one hand, individuals seeking to act on their negative emotions often share their experiences (Rimé 2009).”
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Jasini, A., & Fischer, A. H. (2026) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-025-00798-5 · Cited by 2
How emotional disclosure enhances interpersonal closeness from a speaker-listener perspective: An fNIRS hyperscanning study
Yu, Y., Zhao, H., Liu, M. Q., Gao, C., & Li, W. (2026) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2026.109402 · Cited by 2
Proposing heightened emotions social media dependency model: review and extension of media system dependency theory
Omori, K., Jung, J.-Y., & Croucher, S. M. (2026) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1093/anncom/wlag005 · Cited by 3
Emotional synchrony predicts social cohesion effects following costly rituals
Bouchat, P., Pizarro, J. J., Zabala, J., Páez, D., & Rimé, B. (2026) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.70064 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
When Compassion Constricts: Identity Threat and Organizational Responses to Suffering
Kahn, W. A., & Liu, H. (2026) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2024.0068 · Cited by 2
It’s just a tiny label… or not? How AI labels can backfire in communication
Berner, M., & Dickel, P. (2026) · Journal of Marketing Communications · doi:10.1080/13527266.2026.2697265 · Cited by 2
Attractability and virality: The role of message features and social influence in health news diffusion
Kim, H. S. (2014) · Scholarly Commons (University of Pennsylvania) · Cited by 2
Perilaku Berbasis Teknologi di Sosial Media pada Digital Nattive
Agustina, L. S. S. (2020) · Journal An-Nafs Kajian Penelitian Psikologi · doi:10.33367/psi.v5i1.1078 · Cited by 7
“Berdasar pada sosial sharing of emotion theory , manusia memiliki kecenderungan natural untuk membagi pengalaman emosi dengan yang lain (Rimé, 2009 Berfokus pada citra diri yang positif memberikan manfaat pada kesejahteraan psikologisnya (Aiyuda & Syakarofath, 2019).”
Background
Social Sharing of Emotions with Robots and the Influence of a Robot’s Nonverbal Behavior on Human Emotions
Shimizu, R., & Umemuro, H. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62056-1_26 · Cited by 2
Grief in Children and Adolescents
Schweich, T., Luxen, T., Bell, C., & Federspiel, J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-64297-9_3 · Cited by 2
Representation Learning for Interpersonal and Multimodal Behavior Dynamics: A Multiview Extension of Latent Change Score Models
Vail, A. K., Girard, J. M., Bylsma, L. M., Fournier, J. C. J., Swartz, H. A., Cohn, J. F., & Morency, L. (2023) · INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION · doi:10.1145/3577190.3614118 · Cited by 2
“Negative emotion words can serve a similar purpose as negations: while often linked to social tension or negative communication spiraling at a broad level [5, 21], negative emotion words can also facilitate collaborative problem solving and understanding when communicated with respect and empathy [52].”
Background
Experiences of Interpersonal Emotion Regulation for People with Heightened Emotions: An Examination in People with Bipolar Disorder and Those with High Aggression
Swerdlow, B. A., Berk, L., & Johnson, S. L. (2023) · Journal of Emotion and Psychopathology · doi:10.55913/joep.v1i1.30 · Cited by 2
Gossip and coping with social isolation: the case of migrant truck drivers in Western Europe
Martinescu, E., & Beersma, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1334780 · Cited by 2
“A gossip conversation can offer a safe way of venting negative emotions and getting social support from one’s conversation partner (Foster, 2004; Waddington and Fletcher, 2005; Bosson et al., 2006; Peters and Kashima, 2007; Peters et al., 2009; Rimé, 2009).”
Background
Loneliness and shyness from the perspective of emotion regulation
Kelek, Ş., Awan, E. A., & Koç, M. (2024) · Journal of Human Sciences · doi:10.14687/jhs.v21i3.6394 · Cited by 2
“People make strong social support and bond with others and share their negative emotions (Berscheid, 2003; Rimé , 2009), and making others feel at ease is crucial for lowering someone's bad emotions (Niven, Totterdell, & Holman, 2009).”
Background
Perceived Emotional Invalidation, Psychological Distress and Relationship Satisfaction in Couples: An Actor–Partner Interdependence Mediation Analysis
Brandão, T. (2024) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941241279372 · Cited by 3
“…factor closely linked to feelings of support and af ﬁ liation, and subsequently increase the use of expressive suppression, an emotion regulation strategy usually associated with elevated psychological distress as suggested by previous studies (Brandão et al., 2022; Pennebaker, 1997; Rim´e, 2009).”
Expressing Negativity Enhances Support From Romantic Partners, Even for Trivial Stressors
Sigler, K. N., & Forest, A. L. (2024) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672241273142 · Cited by 2
“People experiencing distress often engage in some level of negative expressivity, especially with close relationship partners (Pennebaker & Harber, 1993; Rimé, 2009).”
Navigating in Turbulent Times: Using Social Media to Examine Small and family-Owned Business Topics and Sentiments during the COVID-19 Crisis
Menezes, S. M., Kumar, A., & Dutta, S. (2024) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-024-10542-6 · Cited by 2
“Inspired by the SSE framework, we uncover the themes of Twitter discussions related to small and family-busi-nesses during COVID-19 and conduct statistical analyses to understand how announcement declarations are received by relevant Twitter users.”
Influential
Social Representations of the War in Italy during the Russia/Ukraine Conflict
Melotti, G., Villano, P., & Pivetti, M. (2024) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci13100545 · Cited by 2
Bystanders’ support for online customer complaints: an integrated perspective of deontic justice theory and attribution theory
Zhang, J., & Weng, Z. (2024) · Nankai Business Review International · doi:10.1108/nbri-07-2023-0067 · Cited by 2
Effects of Virtual Agents' Social Support for Social Sharing of Negative Emotions on Attachment Function and Trust
Matsumoto, M., Umemuro, H., & Koike, M. (2024) · International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction (HAI) · doi:10.1145/3687272.3688321 · Cited by 2
The need for a unified language framework in extrinsic interpersonal emotion regulation research.
Walker, S., López‐Pérez, B., Beckmann, J. F., Kunst, H., & Polias, S. G. (2024) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001463 · Cited by 5
When empathy goes wrong: the perceived cost of empathy reduces empathic reactions to a friend
Takamatsu, R., Xu, W., & Matsuo, A. (2025) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2025.2480742 · Cited by 2
“Sharing positive emotions and receiving enthusiastic or engaging responses from a partner energizes the person and strengthens social bonds (Rimé, 2009).”
The impact of geographic, mobility and social media ties on massive-scale regional public emotional interaction
Xu, J. Y., Lu, L., & Wei, J. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-05280-2 · Cited by 3
“Additionally, we analyze how pandemic milestones impacted collective emotional landscapes (Rimé 2009).”
Predictors of Support toward Transitional Justice Process in Chilean General Population Sample
Castro, M. C., Páez, D., Arnoso, M., & Rimé, B. (2017) · Universitas Psychologica · doi:10.11144/javeriana.upsy16.3.pstj · Cited by 2
“This variable is probably associated with approval of the NTRC’s work and a broadening of awareness of the social trauma (Rimé, 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The Moderating Effect of Depression Symptoms on the Concordance between the Experience and Verbal Disclosure of Emotion
Kahn, J. H., Lawell, K. J., Allen, A., Henning, J., Heidenreich, B. A., Cox, D. W., Williams, E. L., Ladd, K., Samlow, B. N., Hamlet, A. N., et al. (2020) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-020-09851-2 · Cited by 2
“This supports the idea that, in general, people talk about the emotions they experience (Rimé 2009), even in this laboratory context.”
Background
Media consumption for information about Covid-19 during lockdown in Spain: the influence of demographic variables, focus-alertness reaction and emotions ( Consumo de medios para obtener información sobre la Covid-19 durante el confinamiento en España: influencia de variables demográficas, de alerta-focalización y emocionales )
Fernández, I., Caballero, A., Muñoz, D., & Carrera, P. (2021) · Studies in Psychology Estudios de Psicología · doi:10.1080/02109395.2021.1950459 · Cited by 2
Conceptualizing Attachment Trauma: Exploring Emotional Vulnerabilities among Disaster Affected Children of Gujarat
Kumar, M., & Fonagy, P. (2011) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-011-0114-x · Cited by 2
“Social sharing of difficult emotions and their containment is crucial in the immediate or extended family settings for negative feelings to become less potent (and for a sense of sharing and togetherness to prevail) (Rimé 2009).”
Feelings and Fellings Exploring the Process of Communication in Forest Management Conflicts
Ångman, E. (2012) · Cited by 2
Viral marketing and the new competitive advantage
Tsang, D., & Ren, Q. (2015) · Cited by 2
Perceived effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies in sadness and joy
Oriol, X., Oberst, U. E., & Páez, D. (2015) · Anuario de Psicología/The UB Journal of Psychology · Cited by 2
Examining the Circle of Attachment Trauma, Shame, and Marginalization: The Unheard Voices of Young Kutchi Girls
Kumar, M. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7061-4_9 · Cited by 2
“Research also shows that there tends to be less sharing when people feel shame acutely (Shweder 2003 ; Rimé 2009 ).”
Background
To Do, to Have, or to Share? Valuing Experiences Over Material Possessions Depends on the Involvement of Others
Caprariello, P. A., & Reis, H. T. (2011) · ACR North American Advances · Cited by 2
A Caring Supervisor
Määttä, K. (2016) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6300-597-5_6 · Cited by 2
Emotionsmanagement im Netz: Kindertrauer online
Döveling, K., & Wasgien, K. (2014) · Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht eBooks · doi:10.13109/9783666402272.421 · Cited by 2
Emotionen als Form der Koordination beim Handel mit Zahlungsversprechen im Investmentbanking
Lange, M., & von Scheve, C. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-17918-2_2 · Cited by 2
Proposal for a Compassionate Emotional Accompaniment Technique (CEAT) Based on Mindfulness to Manage Disturbing Emotions
Díaz, N. S. R. (2019) · OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.21926/obm.icm.1901017 · Cited by 2
Les dynamiques émotionnelles collectives. Perspectives pour le marketing
Didry, N., & Giannelloni, J.-L. (2019) · Recherche et Applications en Marketing (French Edition) · doi:10.1177/0767370119828649 · Cited by 2
“Les émotions positives restent ainsi absentes des recherches, en dehors du cadre dyadique de la relation de service vendeur–acheteur (e.g. Du et al., 2011 ; Hennig-Thurau et al., 2006) ou du partage social des passions (Badot et Cova, 2003 : 83 ; Lecoq et Rimé, 2009).”
Background
The moderating effect of interpersonal emotion regulation on the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation and depression/anxiety
Urano, Y., & Suganuma, S. (2019) · JAPANESE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON EMOTIONS · doi:10.4092/jsre.26.3_53 · Cited by 2
The Positive Side of Eliciting Negative Emotions: Survey Results of Visitor Responses to a Library Exhibit
Frost, M., Towne-Anderson, C., & Ferguson, K. (2019) · RBM A Journal of Rare Books Manuscripts and Cultural Heritage · doi:10.5860/rbm.20.2.84 · Cited by 2
The Effects of Rejection Sensitivity on Confusion Regulation during Learning in Multiagent Intelligent Tutoring System Environments.
Zhou, L. W., Luo, D., Gao, H., & Hu, X. (2019) · Cited by 2
Valuation on financial markets: Calculations of emotions and emotional calculations
Lange, M., & von Scheve, C. (2020) · Current Sociology · doi:10.1177/0011392120913086 · Cited by 3
“Using the term ‘floor emotions’, we show that the ritualized face-to-face interactions on trading floors are significant arenas of verbal and nonverbal emotional communication, the emergence of collective emotional states, and the social sharing of traders’ emotions (Rimé, 2009).”
Background

Authors: Rimé, B.
Affiliations: UCLouvain (BE)
Corresponding author: Rimé, Bernard
ORCID: Rimé, Bernard
Venue: Emotion Review
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2009-01
Volume: 1
Issue: 1
Pages: 60-85
ISSN: 1754-0739 (ISSN-L)
1754-0747
DOI: 10.1177/1754073908097189
OpenAlex: W2154480377
Cited by: 1,546
References: 160
Citations by year: 2026: 103 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 129 · 2023: 113 · 2022: 112 · 2021: 131 · 2020: 118 · 2019: 123 · 2018: 105 · 2017: 76 · 2016: 76 · 2015: 69 · 2014: 144 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 36.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Emotion Review (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: emotional sharing, emotion regulation, individualism, social interdependencies, interpersonal effects, collective emotions

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Emotion Elicits the Social Sharing of Emotion: Theory and Empirical Review

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