Cited by 1,546Emotions and Moral BehaviorAttachment and Relationship DynamicsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Emotion Elicits the Social Sharing of Emotion: Theory and Empirical Review

Rimé, Bernard·2009·Emotion Review

DOI 10.1177/1754073908097189

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Abstract

This review demonstrates that an individualist view of emotion and regulation is untenable. First, I question the plausibility of a developmental shift away from social interdependency in emotion regulation. Second, I show that there are multiple reasons for emotional experiences in adults to elicit a process of social sharing of emotion, and I review the supporting evidence. Third, I look at effects that emotion sharing entails at the interpersonal and at the collective levels. Fourth, I examine the contribution of emotional sharing to emotion regulation together with the relevant empirical evidence. Finally, the various functions that the social sharing of emotion fulfills are reviewed and the relevance of the social sharing of emotion for emotion scientists is discussed.

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“In theoretical terms, our understanding of emotion can be placed within the holistic approach (Butler & Gross, 2009; Rimé, 2009; Zembylas, 2007).”
Background
Do human values find genuine expression on social media platforms? The influence of human values on millennials' social media activities
Nikolinakou, A., & Phua, J. (2023) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-03-2022-0182 · Cited by 15
Enhancing musical pleasure through shared musical experience
Curzel, F., Osiurak, F., Trân, E., Tillmann, B., Ripollés, P., & Ferreri, L. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.109964 · Cited by 22
“45 Our ﬁndings are in line with previous studies showing the effect of social sharing on evoked emotions.”
Integration of negative experiences: A neuropsychological framework for human resilience
Quirin, M., Kent, M., Boksem, M. A. S., & Mattie Tops, A. (2015) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x14001666 · Cited by 22
Silence: a strategy used to deal with psychological distress by young people in the Eastern Cape, South Africa
Nduna, M., & Jewkes, R. K. (2011) · Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/17450128.2011.643833 · Cited by 22
“…of their lives, this confirmed the conclusion that shame, self-blame, avoiding criticism and poor evaluations by others counteract the powerful propensity to share emotion and seek help when experiencing distress (Rime, 2009; Saxena, Thornicroft, Knapp, & Whiteford, 2007; Taylor et al., 2004).”
BackgroundResult
Die emotionale Struktur sozialer Interaktion: Emotionsexpression und soziale Ordnungsbildung / The Emotional Structure of Social Interaction: The Expression of Emotion and the Emergence of Social Order
von Scheve, C. (2010) · Zeitschrift für Soziologie · doi:10.1515/zfsoz-2010-0501 · Cited by 23
Why Do We Watch? The Role of Emotion Gratifications and Individual Differences in Predicting Rewatchability and Movie Recommendation
Arriaga, P., Alexandre, J., Postolache, O. A., Fonseca, M. J., Langlois, T., & Chambel, T. (2019) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs10010008 · Cited by 22
“Social sharing contributed most to explaining both outcomes, a result consistent with theories highlighting that social sharing is a strong human motivation to develop and maintain social bonds [3,4].”
Result
The social process of coping with work‐related stressors online: A machine learning and interpretive data science approach
Sajjadiani, S., Daniels, M., & Huang, H. (2022) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12538 · Cited by 22
Emotion Regulation in Couples Across Adulthood
Haase, C. M. (2023) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-120621-043836 · Cited by 29
“Emotions, especially negative emotions, are often shared (and regulated) within couples, and sometimes one’s partner may be the only person with whom one’s emotions are shared (Rime 2009).”
Background
Two Movements in Emotions: Communication and Reflection
Oatley, K. (2009) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073909345542 · Cited by 21
“Difficulties of understanding such emotions and their repercussions are part of the reason why 90% or more of the emotions remembered at the end of the day have been shared with others (Rimé, 2009).”
Background
Loneliness and emotion regulation: Implications of having social anxiety disorder
Eres, R., Lim, M. H., Lanham, S., Jillard, C., & Bates, G. W. (2020) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajpy.12296 · Cited by 22
Why Do Some Advertisements Get Shared More than Others?
McDuff, D., & Berger, J. A. (2020) · Journal of Advertising Research · doi:10.2501/jar-2020-027 · Cited by 22
Facilitating and motivating support: How support‐seekers can affect the support they receive in times of distress
Forest, A. L., Walsh, R. M., & Krueger, K. L. (2021) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12600 · Cited by 24
When and why we disclose distress on SNSs: Perceived affordances, disclosure goals, and anticipated negative evaluations
Zhao, P., Lapierre, M. A., Rains, S. A., & Segrin, C. G. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106964 · Cited by 22
In search of social support in the NICU: features, benefits and antecedents of parents’ tendency to share with others the premature birth of their baby
Coppola, G., Cassibba, R., Bosco, A., & Papagna, S. (2013) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.3109/14767058.2013.798281 · Cited by 21
Why Do Smokers Talk About Antismoking Campaigns? Predictors of the Occurrence and Content of Campaign-Generated Conversations
Brennan, E., Durkin, S. J., Wakefield, M. A., & Kashima, Y. (2016) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2016.1239301 · Cited by 22
“Talking with others about emotionally arousing events is a remarkably common behavior (Rimé, 2009), and the frequency of conversations about health promotion messages may be driven by emotional responses (Dunlop, Cotter, et al., 2014; Hafstad, Aarø, & Langmark, 1996; Kim, Lee, Cappella, Vera, &…”
Background
Where did inaction go? Towards a broader and more refined perspective on collective actions
Stroebe, K. E., Postmes, T., & Roos, C. A. (2018) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12295 · Cited by 24
“This would be in line with research showing that stressful life events in general induce the need to socially share one’s emotions (Rim e, 2009; Schachter, 1959).”
Result
Emotion and Narrative: Perspectives in Autobiographical Storytelling
Habermas, T. (2018) · Cited by 21
The influence of effortful control and empathy on perception of school climate
Zorza, J. P., Marino, J., & Mesas, A. A. (2015) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-015-0261-x · Cited by 20
“Literature reports that empathy facilitates prosocial behavior and good interpersonal adjustment (Rimé 2009; DeWaal 2008).”
Background
The Social Sharing of Emotion in Interpersonal and in Collective Situations
Rimé, B. (2016) · Understanding complex systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-43639-5_4 · Cited by 21
Self-citation
Toxic positivity on social media: The drawbacks and benefits of sharing positive (but potentially platitudinous) messages online
Lew, Z., & Flanagin, A. (2023) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448231213944 · Cited by 17
“This is consistent with research on the social sharing of emotions, which assumes that people would have experienced some emotionally valenced event before social sharing, and then experience heightened emotions after sharing (Rimé, 2009).”
What do we do to help others feel better? The eight strategies of the Regulating Others’ Emotions Scale (ROES).
MacCann, C., Double, K. S., Olderbak, S. G., Austin, E. J., Pinkus, R. T., Walker, S., Kunst, H., & Niven, K. R. (2025) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001459 · Cited by 27
The Relationship between Interpersonal Emotion Regulation and Interpersonal Competence Controlled for Emotion Dysregulation
Malkoç, A., Gördesli, M. A., Arslan, R., Çekici, F., & Sünbül, Z. A. (2019) · International Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.5430/ijhe.v8n1p69 · Cited by 20
“Rose-Krasnor (1997) defines social competence as the act of being active in social interactions.”
Background
Psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (IERQ) in Turkish samples
AKSÜT, G. S., & Gençöz, T. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00578-2 · Cited by 20
An Investigation of Pre-Service Teachers Using Mobile and Wearable Devices for Emotion Recognition and Social Sharing of Emotion to Support Emotion Regulation in mCSCL Environments
Na-Songkhla, J., & Wetcho, S. (2022) · Contemporary Educational Technology · doi:10.30935/cedtech/11668 · Cited by 20
“There are five specific predictors regarding the interpersonal sharing of an emotion including the interest, emotional contagion, empathy and sympathy, attachment behaviors, and enhanced affection of the narrator (Rimé, 2009; Rimé et al., 1998).”
Background
How to Improve Others’ Emotions: Reappraise and be Responsive
Jurkiewicz, O., McGarrigle, C. B., & Oveis, C. (2023) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-023-00183-4 · Cited by 23
“The process of interpersonal emotion regulation may be initiated by the target (i.e., intrinsic) as in the case of the social sharing of emotions (Rimé, 2009) or may be initiated by regulator (i.e., extrinsic; Niven, 2017) as in the example of Rebecca and Tyler.”
Background
Sensational stories: The role of narrative characteristics in distinguishing real and fake news and predicting their spread
Hamby, A. M., Kim, H., & Spezzano, F. (2023) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114289 · Cited by 20
Mechanisms of Emotional Experiences of Online Spectators of E-Sports Events From the Perspective of Interactive Ritual Chain
Zhang, J., Zhang, D., & Dai, G. (2024) · Communication & Sport · doi:10.1177/21674795241227771 · Cited by 22
“” This EE can signi ﬁ cantly in ﬂ uence individuals ’ attitudes, behaviors, and performances during interactions, fostering emotional connection and identity among participants (Rim´e, 2009).”
Evaluating brand equity in the hospitality industry: Insights from customer journeys and text mining
Piriyakul, I., Kunathikornkit, S., & Piriyakul, R. (2024) · International Journal of Information Management Data Insights · doi:10.1016/j.jjimei.2024.100245 · Cited by 20
Émotions et dynamique des représentations sociales
Bouriche, B. (2014) · Les cahiers internationaux de psychologie sociale · doi:10.3917/cips.102.0193 · Cited by 20
The neural correlates of emotion alignment in social interaction
Prehn, K., Korn, C. W., Bajbouj, M., Klann-Delius, G., Menninghaus, W., Jacobs, A. M., & Heekeren, H. R. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu066 · Cited by 21
Experienced Loneliness in Home-Based Rehabilitation: Perspectives of Older Adults With Disabilities and Their Health Care Professionals
Lykke, S., & Handberg, C. (2019) · Global Qualitative Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/2333393619831661 · Cited by 19
“positive effects and importance of sharing and verbalizing negative emotional experiences (Nils & Rimé, 2012; Rimé, 2009).”
Background
Toward an applied social psychology of leisure
Kleiber, D. A. (2020) · Journal of Leisure Research · doi:10.1080/00222216.2020.1807843 · Cited by 22
How do weather factors drive online reviews? The mediating role of online reviewers’ affect
He, D., Yao, Z., Zhao, F., & Feng, J. (2020) · Industrial Management & Data Systems · doi:10.1108/imds-02-2020-0121 · Cited by 20
Subliminal Interdependence Priming Modulates Congruent and Incongruent Facial Reactions to Emotional Displays
Seibt, B., Weyers, P., Likowski, K. U., Pauli, P., Mühlberger, A., & Heß, U. (2013) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2013.31.5.613 · Cited by 21
“This finding is in line with a general tendency to share a partner’s grief, which does not necessarily help to end it (Rimé, 2009).”
Result
Social influences on cognitive processing in enacted social support: effects on receivers’ cognitive appraisals, emotion, and affiliation
Marroquín, B. M., Nolen–Hoeksema, S., Clark, M. S., & Stanton, A. L. (2019) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2019.1619702 · Cited by 23
“The positive experience of support might broaden through abstract processing to affect other construals (such as perceptions of self and future), capitalizing on initial affective benefits of support such as soothing and validation (Nils & Rimé, 2012; Rimé, 2009) in ways that the concrete/experiential mode does not.”
BackgroundInfluential
When Holding in Prevents From Reaching Out: Emotion Suppression and Social Support-Seeking in Multicultural Groups
Boroș, S., Gorp, L. V., & Boiger, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02431 · Cited by 17
The Impact of Lockdown on Couples’ Sex Lives
Costantini, E., Trama, F., Villari, D., Maruccia, S., Marzi, V. L., Natale, F., Balzarro, M., Mancini, V., Balsamo, R., Marson, F., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10071414 · Cited by 19
“Isolation is a slow stress factor because it prevents social relationships that, in turn, help people regulate their emotions, cope with stressful events, and strengthen their resilience during difficulties [18,19].”
Background

Authors: Rimé, B.
Affiliations: UCLouvain (BE)
Corresponding author: Rimé, Bernard
ORCID: Rimé, Bernard
Venue: Emotion Review
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2009-01
Volume: 1
Issue: 1
Pages: 60-85
ISSN: 1754-0739 (ISSN-L)
1754-0747
DOI: 10.1177/1754073908097189
OpenAlex: W2154480377
Cited by: 1,546
References: 160
Citations by year: 2026: 103 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 129 · 2023: 113 · 2022: 112 · 2021: 131 · 2020: 118 · 2019: 123 · 2018: 105 · 2017: 76 · 2016: 76 · 2015: 69 · 2014: 144 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 36.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Emotion Review (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: emotional sharing, emotion regulation, individualism, social interdependencies, interpersonal effects, collective emotions

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Emotion Elicits the Social Sharing of Emotion: Theory and Empirical Review

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