Emotion Elicits the Social Sharing of Emotion: Theory and Empirical Review

“, [31, 47, 56, 58]).”

“(1) Seeking advice One way word of mouth seems to facilitate information acquisition is by helping consumers seek advice (Dichter, 1966; Hennig-Thurau et al., 2004; Rimé, 2009).”

“In fact, social sharing ranks among the most prevalent responses to emotional events, regardless of whether those events are positive or traumatic (Gable & Reis, 2010; Stiles, 1987), consequential or trivial (Reis et al., 2010), and measured retrospectively or induced experimentally (Rimé, 2009).”

“From a crying toddler seeking a parent’s hug to an adult requesting advice from a friend, people constantly rely on others for the regulation of their affective states (e.g., Coan, Schaefer, & Davidson, 2006; Lakey & Orehek, 2011; Marroquín, 2011; Rime, 2009).”

“Targets often misrepresent their emotions in accordance with social display rules (Ansfield, 2007; Ekman & Friesen, 1969, 1982) or emphasize the intensity of their emotions to draw support from others (Gable & Reis, 2010; Rimé, 2009).”

“Emotion will trigger the social sharing of emotion: individuals will openly talk about the specific environment where the emotional event occurred and their own feelings and emotional response with others, or they will share their own emotions by way of letters, journals and other indirect methods (Rim�e, 2009).”

“When individuals have more positive emotional valence (Cunningham, 1988) or higher emotional arousal (Berger, 2011), they are more likely to interact and share with others (Rime, 2009).”

“Social sharing is one of the most commonly applied response modulation strategies (see Rimé, 2009, for a review).”

“A form of social sharing of emotions with others, negative word of mouth has been the object of research in social psychology (e.g., Rimé, 2009; Wetzer, Zelenberg and Pieters, 2007) but has not been investigated systematically as a response to corporate irresponsibility.”

“Sharing Emotions Decades of research indicate that when we experience strong positive and negative emotions, we are intensely motivated to share them [74].”

“For instance, the widely used Working Alliance Scale has items such as “[My therapist] and I understand each other” and “We agree on what is important for me to work on” (Horvath and Greenberg, 1989).”

“Consistent with this idea, according to friendship norms, friends should share in each other’s joys and sorrows (Argyle & Henderson, 1984; Reis, 1990; Rimé, 2009).”

“Although negative emotions are generally difficult to express, some, such as shame, are still harder [56], as reflected by the 27% prevalence in Table 1.”

“…2014; Hopkins et al., 2015; Konvalinka et al., 2011; Páez et al., 2015; Xygalatas, 2014), and that these experiences lead to increased affiliation (Fischer et al., 2014; Páez et al., 2007; Rimé, 2007, 2009; Rimé, Paez, Basabe, & Martínez, 2010; Swann, Jetten, Gomez, Whitehouse, & Bastian, 2012).”

“…disgust, or surprise, is shared more often than less arousing content – both online and offline (Heath, Bell, & Sternberg, 2001; Dobele et al., 2007; Rime, 2009), because emotional arousal mobilizes an excitatory state (Heilman, 1997) that pushes individuals to share news or information with…”

“Rimé [64] suggests that the theory of social representations implies”

“Audiences exposed to these messages are in turn expected to experience and share their own emotional responses (Rimé, 2009).”

“This impressively illustrates that the tendency to share emotional experiences is highly prevalent (Rimé, 2009).”

“Such normative orders are reinforced by culture-specific practices of the verbal communication of emotion and their social sharing (Rimé, 2009).”

“When individuals experience strong affect, they gravitate toward others to express themselves and receive support (Rimé 2009).”

“More emotional news is more likely to make the most e-mailed list (Berger and Milkman 2012), and more emotional stories are more likely to be shared (Heath, Bell, and Sternberg 2001; Rimé 2009).”

“…and appears in the literature, as achieved by asking for help (Zaki & Williams, 2013) or social sharing of emotion (Hidalgo, Tan, & Verlegh, 2015; Rimé, 2009), posting socially positive emotions or personally relevant emotions (Bazarova, Choi, Schwanda Sosik, Cosley, & Whitlock, 2015) or…”

“Recently, Rimé (2007, 2009) proposed a model aimed at specifying the conditions under which expressing an emotion is beneficial, as well as the type of benefits which can be expected from these conditions.”

“In keeping with other categories of emotion, moral emotions are experienced and regulated within a context of social connection (Rimé, 2009).”

“The daily diary method has notable advantages, in that it allows recording everyday events of various emotional intensities, and eliminates retrospective biases (Rimé, 2009).”

“The specific interpersonal dynamic that develops in the social sharing of emotion [3 ,60] lends itself particularly well to the strengthening of relational links: when sharing an emotional experience, person A arouses interest and emotions in B; their reciprocal stimulation of emotion sets both partners on the same wa…”

“As sharing reboots emotions (Rimé, 2009), both the sharing source and the target experience further need to talk.”

“First, it adopts a sender-oriented perspective and uses the theory of social sharing (Rimé, 2009), selfperception theory (Bem, 1967) and cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger, 1957) to propose and empirically test interrelationships between emotions, negative O-WOM, and behavioral consequences .”

“For example, according to the theory of the social sharing of emotions (Rimé, 2007, 2009), a basic function of sharing emotions with others is to reexperience them.”

“The experience of emotional arousal tends to prompt social sharing of that emotion because emotion sharing has both intrapersonal and interpersonal benefits, such as sense-making of the emotional experience and establishment (or strengthening) of social bonds (Rimé, 2009).”

“illness diagnosis), they may find it difficult to use these platforms to talk about such experiences and feelings associated with them, or seek support; yet the need to disclose these experiences often remains [91].”

“Expressing positive emotion (“I really liked it!”) might help a consumer who just returned from a great ski trip make sense of the experience (Rimé 2009), making implicit endorsement more likely while the trip is still vivid.”

“In some studies, strategies like emotion expression (Cameron and Overall, 2008), or social support seeking (Carver et al., 1989; Rimé, 2009) have been related to various psychopathologies (e.g. Kahn and Garrison, 2009; Davies et al., 2010) and with general negative affect (Frattaroli, 2006;…”

“Research on social sharing of emotions indicates that feelings of connectedness depend on partners expressing concern for and interest in one another (Rimé, 2009), and research on self-disclosure reveals that people feel a stronger sense of connection when their partners reciprocate by sharing information themselves (…”

“For example, an online video of the shooting of a Black teen by police is likely to set off a social sharing chain reaction among Black people, wherein every round of sharing reactivates the felt emotion within the group (Rimé, 2009) and cascades into a group-level shared emotion.”

“In particular, when people experience shame and guilt—feelings associated with pregnancy loss [47]—or traumatic life events, emotional disclosure is restrained [67].”

“According to Rimé (2009), the extent of sharing one’s emotions is influenced by the intensity of the emotional experience, and the primary targets of sharing generally are close family members and friends.”

“Additionally in adulthood, expressing negative emotions to close others serves a necessary function within relationships and is sometimes associated with positive outcomes (e.g., Graham, Huang, Clark, & Helgeson, 2008; Rimé, 2009).”

“Across age, gender, personality type, and culture, people share emotions with others in over 80% of all emotional episodes (see for review, [41, 42]).”

“Rim e (2009) provided a compelling example illustrating this: Once a cheetah has caught an antelope and carries it away, the surviving antelopes do not show sustained fear but return to eating grass instead.”

“Emotional arousal triggers social sharing of the emotion, thereby making emotionally arousing messages widely circulated through social networks (Christophe & Rimé, 1997; Harber & Cohen, 2005; Rimé, 2009).”

“A higher level of cognitive involvement may, in turn, lead to a higher likelihood of behavioral response to emotional stimuli in terms information sharing (e.g. Heath 1996; Luminet et al. 2000; Peters et al. 2009; Rimé 2009).”

“More recently, Rimé (2009) emphasized that in discussions on emotion regulation there is a tendency to focus too much, if not exclusively, on the individual and her means of dealing with a situation in the sense of a Lone Ranger hypothesis (Dunahoo, Hobfoll, Monnier, Hulsizer, & Johnson, 1998) and…”

“Besides the fact that some emotions may be more likely to be shared than others (Rimé, 2009), some emotions may be more readily “caught” by the members of a group than others. Delvaux, Meeussen, and Mesquita (2015) examined this possibility in two longitudinal studies of emotional contagion in interactive task groups.”

“…is self-rewarding (Csibra & Gergely, 2011; Tamir & Mitchell, 2012; Tomasello, 2009), the theory of social sharing of emotion suggests that it can also stimulate social interaction and improve interpersonal connection (Laurenceau et al., 1998; Moscovici, 1984; Rimé, 2009; Rimé et al., 1991, 1998).”

“One may further conjecture (Rimé, 2009) that the partner(s) in a social sharing endeavor will often not stimulate a cognitive reframing of the eliciting event but rather will provide an opportunity to vent the emotional experience.”

“Disclosure of stress is a normative and important coping resource (Rimé, 2009).”

“Another, less common, approach to interpersonal ER (as depicted in Table 1) is to consider how intrinsic and extrinsic ER processes might co-occur within a relationship (e.g. Campos et al. 2011; Rimé 2007, 2009; Zaki and Williams 2013), a truly interpersonal-level approach.”

“The CPM (Scherer, 1984, 2001, 2009, 2010 proposes several appraisal criteria that are used to determine an event’s relevance and implications, the individual’s coping potential in the situation, and the normative significanceof theevent.”

“, & Reeve, J. (2012). Longitudinal test of selfdetermination theory’s motivation mediation model in a naturally”

“The present message is totally consistent with the findings emerging from the research on the emotional expression between individuals ( Kennedy‐Moore & Watson , 1999 ; Rimé , 2009 ) .”

“…by a desire to demonstrate an aspired self to others, and it relates to persuasion of others (Petty, Wheeler, and Tormala 2003), social sharing of emotions (Rimé 2009), bonding with others (Rimé 2007), and seeking information to confirm an outside perspective (Fitzsimons and Lehmann 2004).”

“People are often motivated to make others feel better (Rimé, 2009; Zaki & Williams, 2013), and this is especially true in close relationships (Butler, 2011).”

“Emotion dysregulation plays a central role in depression, and increasingly, there are reasons to believe that the cognitive and affective mechanisms that underlie ER are susceptible to social influences in adulthood (Rimé, 2009).”

“Along similar lines, several studies have shown that anger makes people want to socially share their feelings (Rimé, 2009; Wetzer, Zeelenberg, & Pieters, 2007b).”

“Thus, related mental images are reexperienced, body sensations are felt, and subjective feelings are aroused (Rimé, 2009; Rimé, Noël, & Philippot, 1991).”

“Furthermore, we have reviewed data on the positive effects of bonding and reduced distress in relationships (Lakey & Orehek, 2011; Lepore et al., 2004; Marroquín, 2011; Rimé, 2009).”

“Emotional memories are passed along via parents, teachers, peers, and social, political, and religious groups through channels as varied as facial and vocal expression, deliberate instruction, gossip, news, music, and storytelling (Rimé, 2009).”

“This would result in an increase in reciprocal trust (Rimé, 2009), which would in turn prompt OT release (Zak et al.”

“Second, both positive and negative emotions may enhance social interactions by encouraging social sharing (reviewed by Rimé, 2009).”

“While these excerpts do not capture the full spectrum of daily human-AI interactions, they offer valuable insights into the moments that users find meaningful, significant, or worth sharing, often those with relational or emotional significance [79].”

“Interpersonally, SSE strengthens social bonding (Rimé, 2009).”

“According to [45], the expression of positive emotions increases the level of communication and strengthens social links.”

“, finding support and community, improved wellbeing [10,57,93]), but involve privacy calculations and complex decision-making processes [7,9,16,100].”