Inflammation and Pregnancy
Abstract
Inflammation is a process by which tissues respond to various insults. It is characterized by upregulation of chemokines, cytokines, and pattern recognition receptors that sense microbes and tissue breakdown products. During pregnancy, the balance of Th1 (cell-mediated immunity) and Th2 (humoral immunity) cytokines is characterized by an initial prevalence of Th2 cytokines, followed by a progressive shift toward Th1 predominance late in gestation, that when is abnormal, may initiate and intensify the cascade of inflammatory cytokine production involved in adverse pregnancy outcomes. Maternal and placental hormones may affect the inflammatory pathway. Hypoxia and the innate immune response are 2 adaptive mechanisms by which organisms respond to perturbation in organ function, playing a major role in spontaneous abortion, intrauterine growth restriction, preeclampsia, and preterm delivery. The interaction between tissue remodeling factors, like matrix metalloproteinases, and vasoactive/hemostatic factors, like prostaglandin and coagulation factors, mediates this adaptive response.
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There is a mild and sustained inflammatory response in pregnancy.
“Thus, there is a mild and sustained inflammatory response in pregnancy.10”
From Hypoalbuminemia: Pathogenesis and Clinical Significance (2019) · cites this paper as [10]
In pregnancy, synthesis of cytokines and growth factors is mildly increased while exhibiting Th1 helper cell dominance, but is further upregulated and changed to Th2 helper cell dominance during fetal distress, and decreases when resulting in premature birth.
“The synthesis of cytokines and growth factors is mildly increased while exhibiting Th1 helper cell dominance, but is further upregulated and changed to Th2 helper cell dominance during fetal distress, and decreases when resulting in premature birth.10, 27, 28”
From Hypoalbuminemia: Pathogenesis and Clinical Significance (2019) · cites this paper as [10]
Increased cytokine expression occurs after trauma or infection and also in physiologic states including pregnancy and other situations where increased cell proliferation and matrix deposition are required.
“Increased cytokine expression does not only happen after trauma or infection, but also in physiologic states including pregnancy and other situations where increased cell proliferation and matrix deposition are required.8, 9, 10”
From Hypoalbuminemia: Pathogenesis and Clinical Significance (2019) · cites this paper as [10]
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Pro‐ and antiinflammatory cytokines in threatened miscarriages
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Novel insights into molecular mechanisms of abruption-induced preterm birth
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Ageing in human parturition: impetus of the gestation clock in the decidua†
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- Authors
- Challis, J. R., Lockwood, C. J., Myatt, L., Norman, J. E., Strauss, J. F., & Petraglia, F.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- University of Cincinnati (US)
- The Queen's Medical Research Institute (GB)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- University of Siena (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Petraglia, Felice
- Venue
- Reproductive Sciences
- Published
- 2009-02
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 206-215
- ISSN
- 1933-7191 (ISSN-L)
- 1933-7205
- OpenAlex
- W2158124686
- Cited by
- 893
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 60 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 70.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Reproductive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
- Use Siena air (University of Siena) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Preterm Birth and Chorioamnionitis
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Reproductive System and Pregnancy
- Keywords
- inflammation in pregnancy, Th1/Th2 balance, chemokines, pattern recognition receptors, placental hormones, maternal hormones, hypoxia, innate immune response, miscarriage, fetal growth restriction, preeclampsia, preterm birth, matrix metalloproteinases, prostaglandins, coagulation factors, tissue remodeling
- MeSH terms
- Hypoxia, Antibody Formation, Female, Gestational Age, Hormones, Humans, Immunity, Cellular, Immunity, Innate, Inflammation, Placenta, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Th1 Cells, Th2 Cells, Inflammation Mediators, Premature Birth
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