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Dead and Alive: Beliefs in Contradictory Conspiracy Theories
Abstract
Conspiracy theories can form a monological belief system: A self-sustaining worldview comprised of a network of mutually supportive beliefs. The present research shows that even mutually incompatible conspiracy theories are positively correlated in endorsement. In Study 1 ( n = 137), the more participants believed that Princess Diana faked her own death, the more they believed that she was murdered. In Study 2 ( n = 102), the more participants believed that Osama Bin Laden was already dead when U.S. special forces raided his compound in Pakistan, the more they believed he is still alive. Hierarchical regression models showed that mutually incompatible conspiracy theories are positively associated because both are associated with the view that the authorities are engaged in a cover-up (Study 2). The monological nature of conspiracy belief appears to be driven not by conspiracy theories directly supporting one another but by broader beliefs supporting conspiracy theories in general.
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“This is consistent with findings that participants who believed in one conspiracy theory were also more likely to believe in others, even when they were contradictory [42,43].”
From The dark side of social movements: social identity, non-conformity, and the lure of conspiracy theories (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“the simultaneous belief in mutually contradictory theories—e.g., that Princess Diana was murdered but faked her own death—is a notable aspect of conspiracist ideation [30]”
From The Role of Conspiracist Ideation and Worldviews in Predicting Rejection of Science (2013) · cites this paper as [30]
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“…generally, conspiracy theories also tend to go hand-in-hand, so that if an individual subscribes to one conspiracy theory, they are likely to subscribe to several others as well—even in cases of mutual contradiction (e.g., Miller, 2020a, 2020b; Wood et al., 2012; see also Douglas et al., 2019).”
BackgroundReconsidering the Minimum Voting Age in the United States
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BackgroundStill Very Much Dead and Alive: Incoherence in Conspiracism as a Departure from Bayesian RationalityPreprint
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BackgroundResultConceptual Approaches to the Study of Spatial Inequality: the Case of Russian Education
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Self-citationHoaxes and Hidden agendas: A Twitter Conspiracy Theory Dataset
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“org People who believe in one CT are more likely to believe in other CTs even if they are contradictory (Wood et al., 2012; Lukić et al., 2019).”
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“Surprisingly, conspiracy theorists are often accused of endorsing contradictory conspiratorial hypotheses, such as Princess Diana having been killed by MI6 and her faking her own death (an oft-cited reference for this charge is Wood, Douglas, and Sutton 2012).”
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Kinyondo, A., Kuzenbayev, N., & Pelizzo, R. (2024) · Politics & Policy · doi:10.1111/polp.12639 · Cited by 7
“Some studies have attempted to properly conceptualize the notion of conspiracy theory (Douglas et al., 2019; Napolitano & Reuter, 2023; Wood et al., 2012) to show that politicians make an asymmetric use of this term depending on whether they are describing their own or their opponents' beliefs…”
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“Moreover, adherents are in at least some cases somewhat open to mutually-contradictory narratives (Wood et al., 2012), and endorsement of fictitious”
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Validating a German Version of the Conspiracy Mentality Scale (CMS)
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“…liegen, da sie nicht als in sich logisches und stringentes Ganzes aufgefasst werden sollten: Verschwörungssemantiken können in Bezug auf ihre unmittelbare Argumentation vielmehr Widersprüche aushalten und sie bisweilen sogar für sich nutzbar machen (vgl. auch Douglas et al. 2016; Wood et al. 2012).”
BackgroundQAnon and Its Conspiracy Milieu: The Italian Case
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Evaluating conspiracy claims as public sphere communication
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Dispositional and ideological factor correlate of conspiracy thinking and beliefs
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“Such a connection could be explained by a general endorsement of conspiracy narratives – a conspiracy mentality [35,36].”
BackgroundSullivan‐Bissett, E. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009641883 · Cited by 5
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Introne, J. E. (2023) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v17i1.22154 · Cited by 7
Schneider, J. P., Schmitt, J. B., & Rieger, D. (2020) · Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG eBooks · doi:10.5771/9783748901334-283 · Cited by 5
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Not All Conspiracy Theories Are Created Equal
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wood, M. J., Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Kent (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Wood, Michael J.
- Venue
- Social Psychological and Personality Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2012-01-25
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 767-773
- ISSN
- 1948-5506 (ISSN-L)
- 1948-5514
- OpenAlex
- W2133598673
- Cited by
- 660
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 96 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 72.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Social Psychological and Personality Science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- conspiracy theories, belief endorsement, cover-up, Princess Diana, Osama bin Laden, Bayesian networks, conspiracy beliefs
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