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Dead and Alive: Beliefs in Contradictory Conspiracy Theories
Abstract
Conspiracy theories can form a monological belief system: A self-sustaining worldview comprised of a network of mutually supportive beliefs. The present research shows that even mutually incompatible conspiracy theories are positively correlated in endorsement. In Study 1 ( n = 137), the more participants believed that Princess Diana faked her own death, the more they believed that she was murdered. In Study 2 ( n = 102), the more participants believed that Osama Bin Laden was already dead when U.S. special forces raided his compound in Pakistan, the more they believed he is still alive. Hierarchical regression models showed that mutually incompatible conspiracy theories are positively associated because both are associated with the view that the authorities are engaged in a cover-up (Study 2). The monological nature of conspiracy belief appears to be driven not by conspiracy theories directly supporting one another but by broader beliefs supporting conspiracy theories in general.
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“This is consistent with findings that participants who believed in one conspiracy theory were also more likely to believe in others, even when they were contradictory [42,43].”
From The dark side of social movements: social identity, non-conformity, and the lure of conspiracy theories (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“the simultaneous belief in mutually contradictory theories—e.g., that Princess Diana was murdered but faked her own death—is a notable aspect of conspiracist ideation [30]”
From The Role of Conspiracist Ideation and Worldviews in Predicting Rejection of Science (2013) · cites this paper as [30]
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Hartmann, M., & Müller, P. (2022) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941211073656 · Cited by 46
“…found that endorsing one conspiracy belief is strongly correlated with endorsing many others (Douglas & Sutton, 2011; Lobato et al., 2014; Swami et al., 2011), even when they refer to completely unrelated events or even when they are contradictive (Sutton & Douglas, 2014; Wood et al., 2012).”
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“Wood et al. (2012) also found that conspiratorial thinkers endorsed contradictory conspiracy theories.”
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Ferreira, S., Campos, C., Marinho, B., Rocha, S., Fonseca‐Pedrero, E., & Rocha, N. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114611 · Cited by 44
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Reducing conspiracy theory beliefs
Stojanov, A. (2015) · Psihologija · doi:10.2298/psi1503251s · Cited by 30
Andrade, G. E. (2021) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.037 · Cited by 37
“of belief in other conspiracy theories [5], and consequently, it is probable that conspiracy theories about political circumstances easily derive into conspiracy theories about medical procedures.”
McCarthy, M., Murphy, K., Sargeant, E., & Williamson, H. (2021) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/asap.12291 · Cited by 40
Psychological profiles of anti-vaccination argument endorsement
Holford, D. L., Fasce, A., Costello, T. H., & Lewandowsky, S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-30883-7 · Cited by 34
Uscinski, J. E. (2014) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/17.04.pr0.115c19z2 · Cited by 2
Just Dead, Not Alive: Reconsidering Belief in Contradictory Conspiracy Theories
van Prooijen, J., Wahring, I. V., Mausolf, L., Mulas, N., & Shwan, S. (2023) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976231158570 · Cited by 36
“We ran a priori power analyses to estimate the appropriate sample size for a bivariate correlation (Hypothesis 1 vs. 1alt) based on the correlation (r = .24) observed by Wood et al. (2012).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialInoculating Against Anti-Vaccination Conspiracies
Banas, J. A., Bessarabova, E., Penkauskas, M. C., & Talbert, N. (2023) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2023.2235733 · Cited by 19
“…for their problems with sound reasoning (e.g., circular reasoning, Young et al., 1990; unfalsifiability, Zarefsky, 2014; mutually exclusive beliefs, Wood et al., 2012), logic-based inoculation treatments have been shown to be promising as a potential strategy to mitigate science misinformation…”
Conspiracist cognition: chaos, convenience, and cause for concern
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Conspiracy theories on Twitter: emerging motifs and temporal dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic
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“However, when misinformation is deeply rooted in people’s beliefs, it is difficult to counteract [38], especially if this misinformation is embedded in communities that deal exclusively with misinformation and are more self-contained [39].”
Bentall, R. P. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97202-2_3 · Cited by 34
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“Since then, this finding has been confirmed many times (Bruder et al., 2013; Imhoff and Bruder, 2014; Swami et al., 2011; Wood et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInterconnectedness and (in)coherence as a signature of conspiracy worldviews
Miani, A., Hills, T. T., & Bangerter, A. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abq3668 · Cited by 35
“Hence, CTs may thus constitute a mutually reinforcing network of beliefs, creating self-sustaining evidence for a world dominated by deceptive agents ( 15 ).”
InfluentialIs the label ‘conspiracy theory’ a cause or a consequence of disbelief in alternative narratives?
Douglas, K. M., van Prooijen, J., & Sutton, R. M. (2021) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12548 · Cited by 32
Self-citationAlsuhibani, A., Shevlin, M. E., Freeman, D. H., Sheaves, B., & Bentall, R. P. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259053 · Cited by 32
“Hence, people who believe in one conspiracy theory are likely to believe in other, even contradictory, conspiracy theories, for example that it is plausible that Princess Diana faked her own death and also that she was killed by the British government [24].”
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Lamberty, P., Hellmann, J. H., & Oeberst, A. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.11.033 · Cited by 28
Climategate: A Case Study in the Intersection of Facticity and Conspiracy Theory
Bricker, B. J. (2013) · Communication Studies · doi:10.1080/10510974.2012.749294 · Cited by 44
Armstrong, T., Rockloff, M., & Browne, M. (2020) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-019-09927-z · Cited by 33
“Is It the Message or the Messenger?”: Conspiracy Endorsement and Media Sources
Mancosu, M., & Vegetti, F. (2020) · Social science computer review · doi:10.1177/0894439320965107 · Cited by 33
Christner, C. (2022) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.7969 · Cited by 30
“Several studies present evidence for the internally coherent and unidimensional structure of conspiracy beliefs (Goertzel, 1994; Wood et al., 2012; for an overview, see Swami et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialBoth a bioweapon and a hoax: the curious case of contradictory conspiracy theories about COVID-19
Petrović, M., & Žeželj, I. (2021) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2022.2088618 · Cited by 23
“As previously suggested, contradictory CTs co-exist within the conspiratorial belief system due to its monological nature (Wood et al., 2012), where beliefs are organized hierarchically, with more general higher-order beliefs about a cover-up encompassing lower-order beliefs (Wood, 2017).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialExploring hate speech dynamics: The emotional, linguistic, and thematic impact on social media users
Ghenai, A., Noorian, Z., Moradisani, H., Abadeh, P., Erentzen, C. A., & Zarrinkalam, F. (2025) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2025.104079 · Cited by 38
A call to action for librarians: Countering conspiracy theories in the age of QAnon
Beene, S., & Greer, K. (2021) · The Journal of Academic Librarianship · doi:10.1016/j.acalib.2020.102292 · Cited by 28
“Fascinatingly, research has shown that if people believe one conspiracy theory, they are more likely to believe others, even when there is no logical connection between them: "with rare exception, almost every study that has looked at the relationships between beliefs in different conspiracy theories has found these k…”
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Conspiracy-Beliefs and Receptivity to Disconfirmatory Information: A Study Using the BADE Task
Georgiou, N., Delfabbro, P., & Balzan, R. P. (2021) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440211006131 · Cited by 27
Petrović, M., & Žeželj, I. (2021) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000645 · Cited by 12
Pisl, V., Volavka, J., Chvojková, E., Cechová, K., Kavalirova, G., & Vevera, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.717960 · Cited by 17
“Conspiracy mentality (CM) is studied as the individual predisposition to believe in conspiracy theories because beliefs in conspiracy theories from various domains are intercorrelated, even if the beliefs contradict each other (Wood et al., 2012; Imhoff and Bruder, 2013).”
BackgroundThe stock market is rigged? Conspiracy beliefs and distrust predict lower stock market participation
Fiagbenu, M. E. (2022) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3981 · Cited by 27
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“This conspiracy mentality (Imhoff & Bruder, 2014) can account for people’s belief in a number of (even inconsistent) theories (Goertzel, 1994; Wood et al., 2012).”
BackgroundAnalyzing the Causation Between Conspiracy Mentality and Belief in Conspiracy Theories
Nera, K. (2024) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000533 · Cited by 20
Hohlfeld, R., Harnischmacher, M., Heinke, E., Lehner, L. S., Sengl, M., & Verlagsgesellschaft, N. (2020) · Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG eBooks · doi:10.5771/9783748901334 · Cited by 34
Lamot, M., Kerman, K., & Kirbiš, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191610096 · Cited by 24
“Our study also confirmed that conspiracy endorsements are mutually reinforcing, even if they differ in content, thus representing a monologic belief system [36,37].”
ResultConspiracy Mentality Versus Belief in Conspiracy Theories
Sutton, R. M., Douglas, K. M., & Trella, C. (2024) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000549 · Cited by 23
“In these networks, associations grow over time be-tween mutually coherent beliefs – including conspiracy theories (Goertzel, 1994; Williams et al., 2022), and potentially, more abstract conspiracy mentality propositions (Sutton & Douglas, 2014; Wood et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAddressing heterogeneous parental concerns about vaccination with a multiple-source model
Hagood, E. A., & Herlihy, S. M. (2013) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.4161/hv.24888 · Cited by 11
Psychological, Social, and Cultural Barriers to Public Engagement With Climate Change
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Kim, S., Capasso, A., Ali, S. H., Headley, T. Y., DiClemente, R. J., & Tozan, Y. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14431-y · Cited by 26
Leveaux, S., Nera, K., Fagnoni, P., & Klein, P. (2022) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.6201 · Cited by 22
Nera, K., Leveaux, S., & Klein, P. (2020) · International Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.5334/irsp.401 · Cited by 19
Ladini, R. (2021) · Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica · doi:10.1017/ipo.2021.15 · Cited by 22
“However, previous research suggested that belief in a certain conspiracy theory is strongly correlated with belief in another conspiracy theory even when they are reciprocally inconsistent (Goertzel, 1994; Swami et al., 2011; Wood et al., 2012).”
BackgroundBayesian belief protection: A study of belief in conspiracy theories
Poth, N., & Dołęga, K. (2023) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2023.2168881 · Cited by 22
“…some construals, this network might even contain mutually inconsistent beliefs that are individually supported by a broader higher-order belief (Wood et al., 2012); and (2) the insensitivity of CT beliefs to disconfirmation, which appeals either to the beliefs’ insensitivity to criticism (and…”
BackgroundFrenken, M., & Imhoff, R. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104383 · Cited by 23
Strömbäck, J., Broda, E., Tsfati, Y., Kossowska, M., & Vliegenthart, R. (2024) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000546 · Cited by 21
Political tolerance in Europe: The role of conspiratorial thinking and cosmopolitanism
Stoeckel, F., & Ceka, B. (2022) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12527 · Cited by 20
Engaging with conspiracy theories: Causes and consequences
Sassenberg, K., Bertin, P., Douglas, K. M., & Hornsey, M. J. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104425 · Cited by 20
Self-citationJolley, D., Seger, C. R., & Meleady, R. (2023) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2973 · Cited by 22
Should Academics Debunk Conspiracy Theories?
Hagen, K. G. (2020) · Social Epistemology · doi:10.1080/02691728.2020.1747118 · Cited by 20
“For a detailed discussion of the problem with Wood, Douglas, and Sutton (2012), see Hagen (2018a), 305–310.”
BackgroundPhadke, S., Samory, M., & Mitra, T. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3479855 · Cited by 27
«У меня нет страха»: ковид-диссиденты в поисках агентности и правды
Андреевна, К. А. (2021) · Monitoring obŝestvennogo mneniâ: èkonomičeskie i socialʹnye peremeny · doi:10.14515/monitoring.2021.2.1776 · Cited by 25
Stall, L. M., & Petrocelli, J. V. (2022) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3998 · Cited by 22
Conspiracy Thinking About the 15-Minute City: Something from Nothing?
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“Interestingly, however, even when conspiracy theories contradict one another, their correlation remains so powerful that it tends to endure (Wood et al., 2012).”
Carey, J. M., Nyhan, B. J., Valentino, B. A., & Liu, M. (2016) · Research & Politics · doi:10.1177/2053168016668671 · Cited by 19
Nera, K., Pantazi, M., & Klein, O. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00684 · Cited by 20
“…that the correlation between conspiracy beliefs was observed even when they were contradictory, the idea that CTs are associated with a generic self-sustained belief system has been empirically supported bymultiple studies (e.g., Wood et al., 2012; Van Prooijen et al., 2015; Franks et al., 2017).”
ResultHarvey, A. J., & Callan, M. J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101803 · Cited by 19
Is Conspiracy Theorizing Really Epistemically Problematic?
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“Belief in a given conspiracy theory strongly predicts belief in other conspiracy theories, even in cases where the conspiracy theories are incompatible” (Harris 2019: 240; citing Goertzel 1994 and Wood et al. 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialNera, K., Mora, Y. L., Klein, P., Roblain, A., Oost, P. V., Terache, J., & Klein, O. (2022) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb.1086 · Cited by 14
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Schlipphak, B., Isani, M., & Back, M. (2022) · Politics and Governance · doi:10.17645/pag.v10i4.5755 · Cited by 17
“…al., 2021; for the oper‐ ationalization of such a mentality see again Brotherton et al., 2013; Bruder et al., 2013), as believers in one con‐ spiracy theory tend to adopt others as well, even if they factually contradictory (Wood et al., 2012) or concocted by the researchers (Swami et al., 2010).”
BackgroundAspernäs, J., Erlandsson, A., & Nilsson, A. (2023) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2023.104394 · Cited by 20
“Conspiracy theories typically attribute socially or politically significant events, such as the 9/11 attacks in the U.S., to secret malicious plots involving powerful people or institutions (Wood et al., 2012).”
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“…2019), authoritarian personality types (Richey 2017), or a more general conspiratorial mindset that many studies in political psychology treat as a stable feature of individuals that make them subscribe to multiple conspiracy theories, even contradictory ones (Bruder et al. 2013; Wood et al. 2012).”
BackgroundSpälti, A. K., Lyons, B. A., Stoeckel, F., Stöckli, S., Szewach, P., Mérola, V., Stednitz, C., González, P. L., & Reifler, J. (2023) · Public Understanding of Science · doi:10.1177/09636625231154131 · Cited by 17
“Others have also noted seemingly inconsistent beliefs among those with conspiratorial worldviews (Wood et al., 2012).”
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Bigliardi, S. (2017) · Zygon® · doi:10.1111/zygo.12321 · Cited by 17
The Rhetorical Aesthetics of More: On Archival Magnitude
Rice, J. E. (2017) · Philosophy and Rhetoric · doi:10.5325/philrhet.50.1.0026 · Cited by 17
van Prooijen, J., Etienne, T. W., Kutiyski, Y., & Krouwel, A. P. M. (2021) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053211051816 · Cited by 19
“While many different conspiracy theories exist, beliefs in these different theories are typically positively correlated (Goertzel, 1994; Swami et al., 2011; Wood et al., 2012), suggesting a common underlying psychology that enables predictions of when conspiracy beliefs are more likely.”
BackgroundDyrendal, A., & Hestad, K. (2021) · Approaching Religion · doi:10.30664/ar.107485 · Cited by 9
A Panel Study on the Dynamics of Social Media Use and Conspiracy Thinking
Valenzuela, S., Diehl, T., Lee, S., & Halpern, D. M. (2023) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2023.2295522 · Cited by 18
“…acceptance of a single conspiracy theory, conspiracy thinking is akin to a spectrum ranging from institutional mistrust to outright paranoia, and those that score higher on conspiracy thinking scales are more likely to adopt unrelated and even contradictory conspiracy theories (Wood et al., 2012).”
Wang, J., & Tanes, Z. (2022) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2022.2153842 · Cited by 16
Conspiracy theories explained by a cheating detection mechanism
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The Plot Thickens: A Sociology of Conspiracy Theories
Rao, H., & Greve, H. R. (2024) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-030222-031142 · Cited by 20
Belief Inconsistency in Conspiracy Theorists
Irwin, H. J., Dagnall, N., & Drinkwater, K. G. (2015) · Comprehensive Psychology · doi:10.2466/17.cp.4.19 · Cited by 21
Understanding Conspiracy Online: Social Media and the Spread of Suspicious Thinking
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The role of cognitive biases in shaping irrational beliefs: a multi-Study Investigation
Teovanović, P., Purić, D., Živanović, M. M., Lukić, P., Branković, M., Stanković, S., Knežević, G., Lazarević, B., & Žeželj, I. (2024) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2024.2421367 · Cited by 18
“…of conspiracist beliefs (Douglas & Sutton, 2023) or even mutually contradictory conspiracist beliefs (Lukić et al., 2019; Petrović & Žeželj, 2023; Wood et al., 2012) which entail an unwarranted assumption there is a hostile coalition of actors who deliberately act together to develop secret,…”
Dodging the autocratic bullet: enlisting behavioural science to arrest democratic backsliding
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“Empirical studies demonstrate (Goertzel, 1994; McClosky & Chong, 1985; Oliver & Wood, 2014; Wood et al., 2012) that those people sharing these beliefs think that any given event is the result of secret conspiracies orchestrated for sinister reasons by the holders of (economic or political) powers,…”
BackgroundPanchal, R., & Jack, A. H. (2020) · BJPsych Bulletin · doi:10.1192/bjb.2020.120 · Cited by 16
The Analytic Cognitive Style and Conspiracy Mentality as Predictors of Conspiracy Beliefs
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Introducing conspiracy intuitions to better understand conspiracy beliefs.
Roberts, R., & Risen, J. L. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101395 · Cited by 15
Deprived, Radical, Alternatively Informed
Ziegele, M., Resing, M., Frehmann, K., Jackob, N., Jakobs, I., Quiring, O., Schemer, C., Schultz, T., & Viehmann, C. (2022) · European Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.47368/ejhc.2022.205 · Cited by 15
Conspiracism on social media: An agenda melding of group-mediated deceptions
Bantimaroudis, P., Sideri, M., Ballas, D., Panagiotidis, T., & Ziogas, T. (2020) · International Journal of Media and Cultural Politics · doi:10.1386/macp_00020_1 · Cited by 19
Онлайн-дейтинг: рынок или базар? Процесс поиска брачной пары на православном сайте знакомств
Galitsina, K., Kalinovskaya, P., & Khvorostianova, O. (2022) · Journal of Economic Sociology · doi:10.17323/1726-3247-2022-2-65-90 · Cited by 16
Tam, L., & Kim, S. (2023) · Public Relations Review · doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2023.102354 · Cited by 19
Anxiety and covid-19 compliance behaviors in the UK: The moderating role of conspiratorial thinking
Copping, L. T. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111604 · Cited by 15
“Research also shows that those who endorse one theory are likely to endorse multiple, often unrelated or contradictory theories (Freeman et al., 2020; Wood et al., 2012).”
Coronavirus, ‘Plandemic’ and the seven traits of conspiratorial thinking
Cook, J., Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H., & van der Linden, S. (2020) · doi:10.64628/aai.njyveyvvt · Cited by 14
Du, Z., Xiao, Y., & Xu, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.955541 · Cited by 13
“Scholars found that individuals who believe in one specific conspiracy theory often believe in other conspiracy theories, even logically conflicting ones (Wood et al., 2012).”
BackgroundRethinking conspiracy theories
Shields, M. (2022) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-022-03811-x · Cited by 13
Kazun, A., & Porshnev, A. (2021) · Monitoring obŝestvennogo mneniâ: èkonomičeskie i socialʹnye peremeny · doi:10.14515/monitoring.2021.6.1889 · Cited by 12
Théories du complot et COVID-19 : comment naissent les croyances complotistes ?
Bottemanne, H. (2022) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2021.12.005 · Cited by 17
Boncu, Ș., Prundeanu, O., Holman, A. C., & Popușoi, S. A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192417038 · Cited by 13
“As past research indicated, individuals who are prone to conspiracist thinking tend to reject official accounts and distrust authorities [58,59].”
BackgroundWilliams, M. N., Marques, M. D., Kerr, J. R., Hill, S. R., Ling, M., & Clarke, E. J. R. (2025) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.3153 · Cited by 12
Combler le fossé. L’avenir des recherches sur les théories du complot
Bütter, M., Knight, P., & Albert, N. G. (2016) · Diogène · doi:10.3917/dio.249.0021 · Cited by 12
Exploring vaccine hesitancy: the twofold role of critical thinking
Cannito, L., Ceccato, I., Bortolotti, A., Crosta, A. D., Malva, P. L., Palumbo, R., Domenico, A. D., & Palumbo, R. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04165-w · Cited by 12
“…beliefs can also be associated with a singular topic (Sutton & Douglas, 2014), some studies highlighted that a person who believes in a specific conspiracy theory is more likely to trust all other conspiracy theories even if not related to the first one (Swami et al., 2010; Wood et al., 2012).”
Background(Des)infodemia: lecciones de la crisis de la covid-19
Quian, A. (2023) · Revista de Ciencias de la Comunicación e Información · doi:10.35742/rcci.2023.28.e274 · Cited by 12
Fortuna, A. M. D., & Picione, R. D. L. (2024) · Culture & Psychology · doi:10.1177/1354067x241246760 · Cited by 14
“A problem could emerge in the paradoxical co-occurrence of two or more antithetic conspiracy beliefs (Brotherton, 2015) as Wood et al. (2012) underline as clearly possible: the cause of the occurrence of a certain phenomenon (A) cannot explain the occurrence of the opposite phenomenon (-”
Metadata
- Authors
- Wood, M. J., Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Kent (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Wood, Michael J.
- Venue
- Social Psychological and Personality Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2012-01-25
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 767-773
- ISSN
- 1948-5506 (ISSN-L)
- 1948-5514
- OpenAlex
- W2133598673
- Cited by
- 660
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 96 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 72.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Social Psychological and Personality Science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- conspiracy theories, belief endorsement, cover-up, Princess Diana, Osama bin Laden, Bayesian networks, conspiracy beliefs
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