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Dead and Alive: Beliefs in Contradictory Conspiracy Theories
Abstract
Conspiracy theories can form a monological belief system: A self-sustaining worldview comprised of a network of mutually supportive beliefs. The present research shows that even mutually incompatible conspiracy theories are positively correlated in endorsement. In Study 1 ( n = 137), the more participants believed that Princess Diana faked her own death, the more they believed that she was murdered. In Study 2 ( n = 102), the more participants believed that Osama Bin Laden was already dead when U.S. special forces raided his compound in Pakistan, the more they believed he is still alive. Hierarchical regression models showed that mutually incompatible conspiracy theories are positively associated because both are associated with the view that the authorities are engaged in a cover-up (Study 2). The monological nature of conspiracy belief appears to be driven not by conspiracy theories directly supporting one another but by broader beliefs supporting conspiracy theories in general.
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“This is consistent with findings that participants who believed in one conspiracy theory were also more likely to believe in others, even when they were contradictory [42,43].”
From The dark side of social movements: social identity, non-conformity, and the lure of conspiracy theories (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“the simultaneous belief in mutually contradictory theories—e.g., that Princess Diana was murdered but faked her own death—is a notable aspect of conspiracist ideation [30]”
From The Role of Conspiracist Ideation and Worldviews in Predicting Rejection of Science (2013) · cites this paper as [30]
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“However, Wood et al. (2012) demonstrate that people are quite willing to believe contradictory CTs (for example, that Osama Bin Laden is still alive and that he was already dead when the U.S. raid took place), and also that a belief system of even incompatible CTs is “held together” by the…”
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“In this sense, our research is also in line with previous empirical work on conspiratorial thinking showing that people can endorse mutually incompatible conspiracy theories (Wood et al., 2012).”
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“Researchers consistently find that endorsing one conspiracy theory is strongly predictive of endorsing many others (e.g., Swami et al., 2010, 2011), even when those conspiracy theories are mutually exclusive (Wood et al., 2012).”
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“This effect emerged for both short- and long-term distances, and indicates that conspiracy beliefs are part of a selfreinforcing cycle that results in more and more extreme attitudes (Goertzel, 1994; Swami et al., 2010; Wood et al., 2012).”
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“For example, people who believed that Princess Diana had been murdered were also more likely to agree that she had also faked her own death (8).”
Wood, M. (2017) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12231 · Cited by 80
Self-citationIntention Seekers: Conspiracist Ideation and Biased Attributions of Intentionality
Brotherton, R., & French, C. C. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124125 · Cited by 138
Accepting, understanding, teaching, and learning (human) evolution: Obstacles and opportunities
Pobiner, B. L. (2016) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.22910 · Cited by 133
Metadata
- Authors
- Wood, M. J., Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Kent (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Wood, Michael J.
- Venue
- Social Psychological and Personality Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2012-01-25
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 767-773
- ISSN
- 1948-5506 (ISSN-L)
- 1948-5514
- OpenAlex
- W2133598673
- Cited by
- 660
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 96 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 72.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Social Psychological and Personality Science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- conspiracy theories, belief endorsement, cover-up, Princess Diana, Osama bin Laden, Bayesian networks, conspiracy beliefs
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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