Caught in the Middle: Defensive Responses to IAT Feedback Among Whites, Blacks, and Biracial Black/Whites

Howell, Jennifer L.; Gaither, Sarah E.; Ratliff, Kate A.

doi:10.1177/1948550614561127

Cited by 63Social and Intergroup PsychologyRacial and Ethnic Identity ResearchPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

Caught in the Middle: Defensive Responses to IAT Feedback Among Whites, Blacks, and Biracial Black/Whites

Howell, Jennifer L., Gaither, Sarah E., Ratliff, Kate A.·2015·Social Psychological and Personality Science

DOI 10.1177/1948550614561127

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Abstract

This study used archival data to examine how White, Black, and biracial Black/White people respond to implicit attitude feedback suggesting that they harbor racial bias that does not align with their self-reported attitudes. The results suggested that people are generally defensive in response to feedback indicating that their implicit attitudes differ from their explicit attitudes. Among monoracial White and Black individuals, this effect was particularly strong when they learned that they were implicitly more pro-White than they indicated explicitly. By contrast, biracial Black/White individuals were defensive about large discrepancies in either direction (more pro-Black or more pro-White implicit attitudes). These results pinpoint one distinct difference between monoracial and biracial populations and pave the way for future research to further explore how monoracial majority, minority, and biracial populations compare in other types of attitudes and responses to personal feedback.

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Authors: Howell, J. L., Gaither, S. E., & Ratliff, K. A.
Affiliations: University of Florida (US)
University of Chicago (US)
ORCID: Howell, Jennifer L.
Gaither, Sarah E.
Ratliff, Kate A.
Venue: Social Psychological and Personality Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2014-12-15
Volume: 6
Issue: 4
Pages: 373-381
ISSN: 1948-5506 (ISSN-L)
1948-5514
DOI: 10.1177/1948550614561127
OpenAlex: W2079302877
Cited by: 63
References: 51
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1
FWCI: 7.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Social Psychological and Personality Science (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: implicit attitudes, explicit attitudes, defensive behavior, biracial individuals, racial bias, white identity, Black identity

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Caught in the Middle: Defensive Responses to IAT Feedback Among Whites, Blacks, and Biracial Black/Whites

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