Change Goals Robustly Predict Trait Growth: A Mega-Analysis of a Dozen Intensive Longitudinal Studies Examining Volitional Change
Abstract
Research suggests that change goals (desires to change personality traits) predict subsequent trait growth. In this article, we (re)analyzed all data our labs have collected as of May 2019 that included measures of change goals and repeated measures of personality traits (12 studies; total n = 2,238). Results indicated that change goals robustly predicted growth in all five traits. Effect sizes were largest for extraversion and emotional stability (people with high change goals were predicted to experience ∼0.16 SDs greater growth across 16 weeks than their peers with average goals) and smallest for agreeableness and openness (people with high change goals were predicted to experience ∼0.05 SDs greater growth across 16 weeks than their peers with average goals). Thus, our analyses reinforce that people change in ways that align with their desires across time.
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A recent meta-analysis of studies on volitional change of broad personality traits has shown that the highest observed change was 0.16 standard deviations (small effect size) for up to 16 weeks.
“For comparison, a recent meta-analysis of studies on volitional change of broad personality traits has shown that the highest observed change was 0.16 standard deviations (small effect size) for up to 16 weeks (Hudson et al., 2020).”
From Can Playfulness be Stimulated? A Randomised Placebo‐Controlled Online Playfulness Intervention Study on Effects on Trait Playfulness, Well‐Being, and Depression (2021) · cites this paper as Hudson et al., 2020
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Pires, J. G., Narciso, F. D. A., Nunes, C. H. S. D. S., Nunes, M. F. O., Martins, E. P., Silva, L. E. A., de Souza, M. E. A., Machado, J. B. R., da Silva, L. I., & Moreira, T. (2025) · Psico-USF · doi:10.1590/1413-8271202530e294176
Allemand, M., Olaru, G., & Hill, P. L. (2026) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2026.113970
Actual change, perceived change, and change goals in global and domain-specific self-esteem
Rentzsch, K. (2026) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2026.104747
Pawar, V. (2026) · SN Social Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43545-026-01636-w
Personality Change Through Military Training in Switzerland
Heitz, E. J., Annen, H., & Bleidorn, W. (2026) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070261477527
Adults have rather stable, yet domain-specific tendencies in social and temporal comparisons
Wrzus, C., Küchler, G., Borgdorf, K. S. A., & Aguilar‐Raab, C. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-70006-6
- Authors
- Hudson, N. W., Fraley, R. C., Chopik, W. J., & Briley, D. A.
- Affiliations
- Southern Methodist University (US)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Michigan State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hudson, Nathan W.
- Venue
- Social Psychological and Personality Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2020-01-06
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 723-732
- ISSN
- 1948-5506 (ISSN-L)
- 1948-5514
- OpenAlex
- W2999435763
- Cited by
- 89
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 4.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Social Psychological and Personality Science (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- change goals, personality change, extraversion, emotional stability, agreeableness, openness to experience, intensive longitudinal data
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