The team cohesion-performance relationship: A meta-analysis exploring measurement approaches and the changing team landscape

Grossman, Rebecca; Nolan, Kevin; Rosch, Zachary; Mazer, David; Salas, Eduardo

doi:10.1177/20413866211041157

Cited by 133Team Dynamics and PerformanceSport Psychology and PerformanceSocial and Intergroup Psychology

The team cohesion-performance relationship: A meta-analysis exploring measurement approaches and the changing team landscape

Grossman, Rebecca, Nolan, Kevin, Rosch, Zachary, Mazer, David, Salas, Eduardo·2022·Organizational Psychology Review

DOI 10.1177/20413866211041157

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Abstract

Team cohesion is an important antecedent of team performance, but our understanding of this relationship is mired by inconsistencies in how cohesion has been conceptualized and measured. The nature of teams is also changing, and the effect of this change is unclear. By meta-analyzing the cohesion-performance relationship ( k = 195, n = 12,023), examining measurement moderators, and distinguishing modern and traditional team characteristics, we uncovered various insights. First, the cohesion-performance relationship varies based on degree of proximity. More proximal measures –task cohesion, referent-shift, and behaviorally-focused– show stronger relationships compared to social cohesion, direct consensus, and attitudinally-focused, which are more distal. Differences are more pronounced when performance metrics are also distal. Second, group pride is more predictive than expected. Third, the cohesion-performance relationship and predictive capacity of different measures are changing in modern contexts, but findings pertaining to optimal measurement approaches largely generalized. Lastly, important nuances across modern characteristics warrant attention in research and practice. Plain Language Summary: Team cohesion is an important antecedent of team performance, but our understanding of this relationship is mired by inconsistencies in how cohesion has been conceptualized and measured. The nature of teams has also changed over time, and the effect of this change is unclear. By meta-analyzing the cohesion-performance relationship ( k = 195, n = 12,023), examining measurement moderators, and distinguishing between modern and traditional team characteristics, we uncovered various insights for both research and practice. First, the cohesion-performance relationship varies based on degree of proximity. Measures that are more proximal to what a team does – those assessing task cohesion, utilizing referent shift items, and capturing behavioral manifestations of cohesion – show stronger relationships with performance compared to those assessing social cohesion, utilizing direct consensus items, and capturing attitudinal manifestations of cohesion, which are more distal. These differences are more pronounced when performance metrics are also more distal. Second, despite being understudied, the group pride-performance relationship was stronger than expected. Third, modern team characteristics are changing both the overall cohesion-performance relationship and the predictive capacity of different measurement approaches, but findings pertaining to the most optimal measurement approaches largely generalized in that these approaches were less susceptible to the influence of modern characteristics. However, in some contexts, distal cohesion metrics are just as predictive as their more proximal counterparts. Lastly, there are important nuances across different characteristics of modern teams that warrant additional research attention and should be considered in practice. Overall, findings greatly advance science and practice pertaining to the team cohesion-performance relationship.

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Cohesion is a multidimensional construct with unique influences from individual facets.
“A recent meta-analysis (Grossman et al., 2022) concludes that cohesion is a multidimensional construct with unique influences from individual facets (Grossman et al., 2022).”
From An unobtrusive approach to modelling team cohesion and collaboration in ecological classroom settings (2026) · cites this paper as Grossman et al., 2022

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Public Personnel Management
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Is Group Cohesiveness a Double-Edged Sword?
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Task Types and Team-Level Attributes
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Components of Group Cohesion
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Self-citation
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Implications of Observability for the Theory and Measurement of Emergent Team Phenomena
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A Conceptual Review of Emergent State Measurement
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Identifying Group Task Satisfaction at Work
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Cognitive Diversity to Team Outcomes
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An Empirical Examination of Factors Affecting Group Effectiveness in Information Systems Projects
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From manager's emotional intelligence to objective store performance: Through store cohesiveness and sales-directed employee behavior
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The Relationship of Accountability and Interdependent Behavior to Enhancing Team Consequences
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Measurement Theory in Action
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The study of followers in leadership research: A systematic and critical review
Oc, B., Chintakananda, K., Bashshur, M. R., & Day, D. V. (2023) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2022.101674 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Group Formation and the Evolution of Human Social Organization
Dreu, C. K. W. D., Gross, J., & Romano, A. (2023) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916231179156 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“…and selection-attrac-tion-attrition is the literature on the psychological states associated with group membership such as group commitment (Dutton et al., 1994), perceived cohesiveness (McConnell et al., 1997; Grossman et al., 2022), and social identification (Hogg & Terry, 2000; Spears, 2021).”
Background
A Multimodal Social Signal Processing Approach to Team Interactions
Lehmann‐Willenbrock, N., & Hung, H. (2023) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/10944281231202741 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…can examine to what extent automatically detected behavioral expressions of task and social cohesion predict objective team performance outcomes, in light of previously established linkages between cohesion and performance in the survey-based literature (for an overview, see Grossman et al., 2022).”
The perceptions of task cohesion in collaborative learning teams
Zamecnik, A., Kovanović, V., Joksimovíc, S., Großmann, G., Ladjal, D., & Pardo, A. (2024) · International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning · doi:10.1007/s11412-024-09424-5 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“One of the unique characteristics of teams is their ability to achieve and maintain high levels of team cohesion, an essential component of these capabilities (Beal et al., 2003; Grossman et al., 2021; Kozlowski et al., 1999).”
Influential
The role of team cohesion and ambidexterity in enhancing employee adaptive performance: an examination of a multilevel model
Ejaz, H., Shafique, I., & Qammar, A. (2024) · Journal of Organizational Change Management · doi:10.1108/jocm-09-2023-0367 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Generating the Moral Agency to Report Peers’ Counterproductive Work Behavior in Normal and Extreme Contexts: The Generative Roles of Ethical Leadership, Moral Potency, and Psychological Safety
Sumanth, J. J., Hannah, S. T., Herbst, K. C., & Thompson, R. L. (2024) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-024-05679-y · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Given the significant interdependencies for each other’s safety and wellbeing, teammates in such contexts also form strong norms for behavior and elevated levels of cohesion (Anderson et al., 1999; Courtright et al., 2015; Grossman, et al., 2022; Myers & McPhee, 2006).”
Contextualising collective efficacy in virtual team research: The essential role of collaborative technologies in the virtual team efficacy conceptual framework
Hardin, A. M., Davison, R. M., Schneider, C., Looney, C. A., & Sarker, S. (2023) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1111/isj.12484 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“This dis-missive attitude toward collaborative technology ignores substantial evidence that findings from research conducted in traditional team and virtual team settings differ (Grossman et al., 2022).”
Background
The Science (and Practice) of Teamwork: A Commentary on Forty Years of Progress…
Eduardo Salas, A., Linhardt, R. M., & Castillo, G. F. (2024) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/10464964241274119 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…to say on how teams work, as examples: noting expert teams work by creating psychological safety (Frazier et al., 2017), fostering team cohesion (Grossman et al., 2022), developing shared mental models and transactive memory systems (Bachrach et al., 2019), prioritizing communication quality…”
Influential
Impact of project governance on project success, with mediating role of organizational support and project team cohesion
Waseem, M., Iqbal, S., & Khan, K. (2022) · Journal of Facilities Management · doi:10.1108/jfm-03-2022-0023 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Visualizing the Ties That Bind Us: A Cross-Sectional Thematic and Visual Analysis of Cohesion Across Three British Military Formations
Schilling, S. (2022) · Armed Forces & Society · doi:10.1177/0095327x221134644 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“…several meta-analyses found the performance–cohesion effect to be related to both social and task cohesion, often dependent on conceptualization and level of analysis, with no consistent directionality indicated (Beal et al., 2003; Grossman et al., 2022; Oliver et al., 2009; Salas et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResult
The mediator role of communication skill in the relationship between empathy, team cohesion, and competition performance in curlers
Bedir, D., Ağduman, F., Bedir, F., & Erhan, S. E. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1115402 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Team selling: a review, implications, and an agenda for sales team research
Rapp, A. A., & Rapp, T. L. (2023) · Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management · doi:10.1080/08853134.2023.2257391 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“…see Rapp et al. 2020; Fyhn, Schei, and Sverdrup 2022) and their relationships with team inputs, processes, and effectiveness (e.g. team cohesion: Grossman et al. 2022; team psychological safety: Frazier et al. 2017; team efficacy: Gully et al. 2002; team empowerment: Seibert, Wang, and…”
Background
The association between team cohesion and performance: A network analysis of nurses
Wei, H., Zhang, S., Qu, W., Liu, M., Yan, Z., & Luan, X. (2024) · Nursing and Health Sciences · doi:10.1111/nhs.13089 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Using online learner trace data to understand the cohesion of teams in higher education
Zamecnik, A., Kovanović, V., Joksimovíc, S., Großmann, G., Ladjal, D., Marshall, R., & Pardo, A. (2023) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12829 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Factors affecting team performance: An empirical study of Indian GenY and GenZ cohorts
Maan, P., & Srivastava, D. K. (2023) · Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal · doi:10.1108/edi-05-2022-0114 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Team conflict at the core: Exploring the influence of critical team member conflict on team creative functioning
Liao, H., Harris, T. B., Li, N., & Han, Y. (2023) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12477 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Team coaching using LSP and team facilitation: a randomized control trial study measuring team cohesion and psychological safety
Passmore, J., Tee, D., & Gold, R. (2024) · Journal of Work-Applied Management · doi:10.1108/jwam-12-2023-0137 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mediating effects of workgroup processes on the relationship between nurse turnover and nurse outcomes in hospitals
Bae, S., Kim, S., & Myung, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1255983 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
When people start getting real: The Group Living Skills Survey for extreme work environments
Landon, L. B., Miller, J. C. W., Bell, S. T., & Roma, P. G. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1348119 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Feeling safe to be empowered: Psychological safety and psychological empowerment in threatening work environments
Creon, L. E., & Schermuly, C. C. (2024) · German Journal of Human Resource Management Zeitschrift für Personalforschung · doi:10.1177/23970022241284536 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The power of fragmented elites: the role of inadvertent robust action
Mizruchi, M., & Chu, J. S. G. (2025) · Theory and society · doi:10.1007/s11186-025-09617-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Applying Large Language Models to Enhance Dialogue and Communication Analysis for Adaptive Team Training
Spain, R. D., Min, W., Kumaran, V., Pande, J., Saville, J. D., & Lester, J. C. (2025) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1007/s40593-025-00479-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…of team dynamics and performance such as team communication behaviors (Saville et al., 2022), decision-making processes (Salas et al., 2017), trust (Feitosa et al., 2020), leadership (Kozlowski et al., 2016), knowledge emergence (Grand et al., 2016), and team cohesion (Grossman et al., 2022).”
Toward a Mature Body of Knowledge: A Meta-Analysis of Antecedents to Infrastructure Project Environmental and Social Sustainability
Li, W., Zhang, S., Gao, Y., & Xie, Q. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2025.3609335 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“This insight echoes ﬁndings in organizational behavior research, where behavior-based constructs have been shown to yield stronger effect sizes than distal outcomes [142].”
The effect of team cohesion on mental toughness: a mediation and moderation mixed study based on COR theory
Xu, Y., & Tian, W. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1655398 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Improving team cohesion and engagement through leadership in industrial projects
Ndandani, Z., Tedile, N., Mbobo, Z., Tshatshu, Q., & Gwabavu, M. (2026) · Strategic Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.sbr.2026.100065 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Role of Team Cohesion in Success: A Literature Review from a Psychological Perspective
Abadi, P. M. (2023) · Health Nexus · doi:10.61838/kman.hn.1.4.10 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
How to Make an Internal Team Coach: An Integration of Research
Castillo, G. F., Linhardt, R. M., & Eduardo Salas, A. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14060452 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…definition, and with recent work on team dynamics finding task cohesion is more predictive of team performance compared to social cohesion (see [45])—internal leaders who seek to implement team coaching behaviors should offer support for the completion of the task, attempting to clarify steps…”
Background
The Heart of Surgery: Enhancing Surgical Practice Through Teamwork
Eduardo Salas, A., Castillo, G. F., & Tannenbaum, S. I. (2025) · Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1053/j.semtcvs.2025.05.005 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Can team coaching provide healthcare the remedy it needs?
Castillo, G. F., & Eduardo Salas, A. (2023) · Journal of Interprofessional Care · doi:10.1080/13561820.2023.2285030 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Family firm performance through transformational CEO leadership and familiness-related team forces
Neffe, C., Wilderom, C. P. M., & Lattuch, F. (2024) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-09-2023-0536 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Interplay of mindful leadership, team cohesion, and performance: a moderated mediation analysis in sports teams
Liu, J. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06684-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The relationship between team cohesion and team performance has been extensively researched across various fields (Bell et al., 2011), such as organizations (Grossman et al., 2022); education (Uz Bilgin & Gul, 2020); and health (Braun et al., 2020).”
Activity and Interconnections of Individual and Collective Actors: An Integrative Approach to Small Group Research
Sidorenkov, A., & Borokhovski, E. (2023) · Integrative Psychological and Behavioural Science · doi:10.1007/s12124-023-09769-w · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…practitioners show great interest in the integral psychological char‑ acteristics of the group, for example, group cohesion (e.g., see meta‑analyses by Grossman et al., 2021; Gully et al., 2012), group organization (Chernyshev & Kri‑ kunov, 1991), and reliability of group activity (Sarychev, 2011).”
Teaming up with robots: Analysing potential and challenges with healthcare workers and defining teamwork
Abrams, A. M. H., Plum, L., & Pütten, A. M. R.-V. D. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2025.100136 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Managing interpersonal workplace conflict: a configurational approach
Saikrishna, M. B. (2025) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/ijcma-02-2025-0057 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Advancing Organizational Science: Construct and Process Theorizing, Layers of Theoretical Explanation, and Implications for Causality and Intervention
Kozlowski, S. W. J., Grand, J. A., Braun, M. T., Kuljanin, G., & Chao, G. T. (2026) · Organizational Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/20413866251403161 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…2006; Barrick & Mount, 1991; O ’ Boyle et al., 2011); teams higher in motivation, coordination, communication, or cohesion tend to perform better than teams lower in those constructs (e.g., DeChurch & Mesmer-Magnus, 2010; Grossman et al., 2021; LePine et al., 2008; Mesmer-Magnus & DeChurch, 2009).”
Viability of Using Digital Games for Improving Team Cohesion: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Kovalčík, J., Švecová, M., & Kabát, M. (2023) · Acta Ludologica · doi:10.34135/actaludologica.2023-6-1.46-65 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Antecedents and consequences of organization engagement in nonprofit organizations: the case of sport clubs
Kondert, S., & Marcus, B. (2025) · Journal of Organizational Effectiveness People and Performance · doi:10.1108/joepp-07-2024-0360 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sleep deprivation impairs team performance and cohesion
Greer, E., Owen, M. S., Roma, P. G., Matthews, R. W., Grosser, L., Hursh, S. R., & Banks, S. (2025) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaf288 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Team cohesion is an emergent state characterized by shared attraction, bonding, or sense of pride among team members driven by social-or task-based elements associated with team membership [25, 26].”
The implementation and evaluation of an athlete leadership development program with male youth ice hockey players
Boisvert, M. M., Loughead, T. M., & Munroe‐Chandler, K. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.648039 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Meta-analyses examining cohesion (Carron et al., 2002; Grossman et al., 2021) have found that this construct has a moderate to large positive impact on performance, indicating that higher levels of cohesion are associated with more successful performances in various sports (Muthiane et al.”
Background
Exploring emotional regulation and team politics in teams: team learning and educational practices
Chiu, C., Lin, C., & Lung, T.-Y. (2023) · Total Quality Management & Business Excellence · doi:10.1080/14783363.2022.2157712 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Unfortunately, cohesion is often perceived inappropriately by team leaders with ‘fuzzy boundaries,’ complicating team functioning and eroding team performance (Grossman et al., 2022).”
Background
Requirement engineering and project performance: mediating effect of communication effectiveness, change readiness, stakeholder engagement and moderating effect of team cohesion
Turi, J. A., Kharusi, S. A., Khwaja, M. G., Razzak, M. R., & Bashir, S. (2024) · Engineering Construction & Architectural Management · doi:10.1108/ecam-12-2023-1273 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Relational Balance in the Workplace: Exploring the Moderating Role of Organizational Commitment
Manata, B. (2022) · Management Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/08933189221137579 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Importantly, as myriad meta-analyses have shown, cohesion is a consistent positive predictor of workplace performance (e.g., Grossman et al., 2022).”
Background
Team knowledge sharing: A game-based learning approach
Phùng, N.-X., Dung, T. Q., & Duong, N. T. (2023) · The Education and science journal · doi:10.17853/1994-5639-2023-10-133-152 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The role of leadership in group cohesion: insights from sport club volunteering
Clerck, T. D., Doren, N. V., & Bock, T. D. (2024) · Organization Management Journal · doi:10.1108/omj-01-2024-2061 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Team values and team performance: A two‐study investigation
Parks, L., Dustin, S., Wang, G., & Parks, T. W. (2024) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12553 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
From stable teamwork to dynamic teaming in the ambulatory care diagnostic process
Tannenbaum, S. I., Thomas, E. J., Bell, S. K., & Eduardo Salas, A. (2024) · Diagnosis · doi:10.1515/dx-2024-0108 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Individuals in multi-disciplinary teams tend to share a stronger sense of cohesion (a shared attraction, bonding, or sense of pride [12]) with people from their discipline, and di ﬀ erent professions or sites may prioritize work di ﬀ erently [13].”
Team Diversity as a Safety Asset: A Field Investigation of Language Diversity and Occupational Safety
Lacerenza, C. N., Johnson, S. K., Schwatka, N. V., Beldon, M. A., & Dennerlein, J. T. (2025) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.22280 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Unraveling the effects of leader perfectionism on team dynamics: an emotion-motivation perspective
Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Chang, D., & Zhang, C. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-04565-w · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Team Psychological Capital
Marques, D. L., Aubé, C., & Rousseau, V. (2023) · Journal of Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000327 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Group Cohesion and Performance in Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL): Using Assessment Analytics to Understand the Effects of Multi-attributional Diversity
Voltmer, J.-B., Froehlich, L., Reich-Stiebert, N., Raimann, J., & Stürmer, S. (2024) · Advances in analytics for learning and teaching · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-56365-2_6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Science of Team Dynamics: A Review of Psychological Factors Influencing Team Performance in Sports
Choudhury, R. D., & Das, D. J. (2024) · International Journal of Advanced Research in Science Communication and Technology · doi:10.48175/ijarsct-22726 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Towards fluid human-agent collaboration: From dynamic collaboration patterns to models of theory of mind reasoning
Schröder, F., Heinrich, F., & Kopp, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2025.1532693 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
EXPLORING TEAM COHESION IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Cojoacă, D.-M. (2024) · Management & Marketing · doi:10.52846/mnmk.22.1.08 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Improving Team Adaptive Performance Through Team Cohesion: An Integrated Team Level Framework
Ejaz, H., Shafique, I., & Qammar, A. (2024) · South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management · doi:10.1177/23220937241306216 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“These repeated interactions may result in a higher level of cohesion among team members, which is significant for improving team effectiveness (Grossman et al., 2022).”
Associations between individual and balanced team performance and soccer match outcomes
Ball, J., Huynh, M., & Varley, M. C. (2025) · International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport · doi:10.1080/24748668.2025.2567757 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“While team performance is considered essential to success, the influence of standout individual performances remains less clear (Grossman et al., 2022).”
The Team Behind the Team: Factors Underpinning Group Cohesion Within High-Performance Sport Coaching and Athlete Support Teams
Toole, S. R., Paradis, K. F., Sharp, L.-A., & Donnelly, P. (2025) · International Sport Coaching Journal · doi:10.1123/iscj.2025-0012 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Impact of hybrid work models on job performance: a study through the lens of workplace flexibility and self-determination theories
Kumar, S., Malhotra, D., Sohbaty, Z., & Sultan, A. (2026) · International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior · doi:10.1108/ijotb-07-2025-0215 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Personality and emotional intelligence among health professions students: the roles of perceived group cohesion, perceived team emotional intelligence, and attitudes toward interprofessional education
He, Q., Liang, J., & Ganotice, F. A. (2026) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-026-10562-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Unlocking Athletic Potential: Harnessing People Analytics for Optimal Performance and Talent Management in Sports
Mahmoud, A. B., Reisel, W. D., Berman, A., & Fuxman, L. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-63573-1_5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Beyond diversity: the impact mechanism of organizational inclusion on employee knowledge hoarding
Cheng, Q., Yan, Q., & Nie, T. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-04085-z · Cited by 2 · see citing works
An unobtrusive approach to modelling team cohesion and collaboration in ecological classroom settings
Azad, A., Kovanovic, V., Korolkiewicz, M., Zamecnik, A., Joksimovic, S., & Cukurova, M. (2026) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2025.102268 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Adapting to Another “New Normal”: The Pandemic’s Impact on Generation Z’s Team Dynamics
Steiner, S. D., Liou, R.-S., & Faifman, L. (2024) · American Journal of Management · doi:10.33423/ajm.v24i2.7158 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
We’re All in This Together: Evaluating the Dynamics of Designers' Moods Throughout the Collaborative Design Process and Their Impact on Project Outcomes
Harris, M. E., & Toh, C. A. (2025) · Journal of Mechanical Design · doi:10.1115/1.4067618 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Purity in Mire: Examining the Impact of Family Motivation on Employee Time Theft from an Impression Management Perspective
Li, D., Meng, L., & Hu, B. (2025) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-025-10028-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
On the Move: The Impact of Internal Mobility and Internal Comobility on Unit- and Organization-Level Outcomes
Ray, C., Nyberg, A. J., Maltarich, M. A., & Reilly, G. (2025) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2023.0311 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Effects of Performance Information Distribution on Team Norms and Employee Preferences for Performance Targets
Dekker, H. C., & Feldhues, M. L. (2025) · Journal of Management Accounting Research · doi:10.2308/jmar-2024-031 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Leader-Expressed Forgiveness and Team Performance: A Two-Paths Model
Rego, A., Valverde, C., Oliveira, E., Silard, A., Cunha, M. P. E., & Sobral, F. (2025) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2025.2544260 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Helping behaviors also make the team more united in achieving the team’s goals (Wang et al., 2022), more able to use each member’s capabilities efficiently, and more committed to success (Grossman et al., 2022).”
Narcissism in Action: Perceptions, Team Dynamics, and Performance in Naturalistic Escape Room Settings
Bush‐Evans, R., Hart, C. M., Cisek, S. Z., Satchell, L. P., & Sedikides, C. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15111461 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“In contrast, when cohesion is low, team members may withdraw or disengage, reducing collaboration and undermining the team’s potential for success (Grossman et al., 2021; Park et al., 2021).”
How and when empowering leadership influences job performance: A dual-mediator model
Liang, H., Lean, H. H., & Vasudevan, A. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0332545 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“This explains why cohesion is a key factor for success [69].”
The mediating and moderating role of social skills in the relationship between frustration tolerance and group cohesion in Physical Education
José, G.-G. M., Arroyo, C. G., Antonio, C.-P., & Jorge, R.-R. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106560 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Navigating the Workplace Abyss: Organizational Dehumanization’s Impact on Engagement, Mediation, and Moderation
Singh, S., Sharma, D., & Ghosh, K. (2026) · Business Perspectives and Research · doi:10.1177/22785337261428161 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Addressing Emerging Threats to the Intelligence Community Through Scientifically Informed Team and Leadership Strategy: The Case for the Integration of Research and Program Development
Trachik, B. J. (2023) · Annals of theoretical psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-29807-3_3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Examining coping within sports teams: Integrating individual and team perspectives
Pété, É., Chanal, J. P., & Doron, J. (2025) · Pratiques Psychologiques · doi:10.1016/j.prps.2025.03.001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
4. Militær lederskapsutvikling for økt operativ evne
Hjortmo, H. (2023) · Universitetsforlaget eBooks · doi:10.18261/9788215064710-23-04
Team Performance
Castillo, G. F., Khalid, M., & Salas, E. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199846740-0220
Collaboration for work: Assessing the correlates of three types of collaboration perceptions that alumni associated with an MBA capstone course
Hill, T. L., Blau, G. J., Nash, D., & Naumoff, N. (2023) · Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management · doi:10.21818/001c.90585
Regression analysis of the effect of party education and management on organizational cohesion
Xue, J. (2024) · Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences · doi:10.2478/amns-2024-1133
Factors Influencing Team Performance: A Case Study of Teachers in Three Vocational Colleges in Weifang, Shandong Province, China
Zhao, X., Chotipiboonsub, J., Vongchavalitkul, B., & Reangsuwan, A. (2024) · International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science Reviews · doi:10.60027/ijsasr.2024.4209
Creating a Culture of Leadership in Physical Education: Strategies for Empowering Student Athletes
Xia, D., & TABAJEN, R. C. (2024) · International Journal of Education and Humanities · doi:10.54097/n96xk460
Contextualized Technology Assessment Tool for Enhancing the Commercializability and Social Impact of STEM Research Outputs: A Case Study of a Philippine Private University
Lozano, P. L. (2024) · International Conference on Information Management and Management Science (IMMS) · doi:10.1145/3695652.3695713
“The SIAMPI approach focuses on productive interactions between researchers and stakeholders for social impact [13], proving valuable across various fields [15].”
Importancia de la cohesión grupal en relación con la satisfacción y frustración respecto a la novedad de los contenidos en Educación Física
Galán-Arroyo, C., García-Guillén, M. J., Castillo-Paredes, A., & Rojo-Ramos, J. (2024) · Sportis Scientific Journal of School Sport Physical Education and Psychomotricity · doi:10.17979/sportis.2025.11.1.11200 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Steuerung der Lösungswege: Entscheidungen umsetzen
Lattuch, F. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-47264-1_3
The interaction of inequality and diversity in front-line work teams
Marvel, J. D. (2025) · International Public Management Journal · doi:10.1080/10967494.2025.2459665
“Our measure taps the behavioral dimension of team cohesion’s criterion space; other measures— typically, measures based on survey items—are meant to capture the attitudinal dimension of team cohesion (Grossman et al. 2022).”
Zero Tolerance, Zero Problems? The Conditional Effect That Police Officers’ Perceptions of Zero Tolerance for Discrimination Have Among Hispanic Officers
Rauhaus, B. M., Shay, L. P., & Pollock, W. (2025) · Public Personnel Management · doi:10.1177/00910260251326616
Collaborative Efforts with External Organizations done by ICIPE and ILRI Libraries to Enhance Big Data Management
Shinali, E. K., Gichohi, P. M., & Nzioka, C. M. (2024) · Journal of Information and Technology · doi:10.70619/vol4iss3pp8-17
Strategies to Strengthen Group Cohesion, Stress Management, Self-Awareness and Creativity to Improve Teacher Work Effectiveness: A Study in Tasikmalaya Regency
Fitriyanti, E., Suhardi, E., & Retnowati, R. (2025) · JURNAL IQRA · doi:10.25217/ji.v10i1.5823
Relationship between professional competence and effectiveness among operators in active aging learning centers in Taiwan
Lee, Y.-H., Wang, Y., & Shih, Y.-Z. (2025) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2025.2527460
“…a strong link between overall organizational management and effectiveness (Hu et al., 2015), suggesting that the quality of professional input and growth in the context of AALCs (Grossman et al., 2022; Liou, 2012; Wei et al., 2012) may be more essential than conventional management practices.”
Impact of Emotional Intelligence-based Leadership on Relationship Conflicts and Team Cohesion in Virtual Work Environments: A Study on Malaysian Automobile IndustryPreprint
Li, J., Yazid, Z., Isa, R. M., Muhamad, N. S., & Xiao-nan, H. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7585520/v1
Gender and Proximity Marketing : Concept, Antecedents, and Effects
Pattnaik, P. N., Hota, S. L., Shukla, M. K., & Matloob, A. (2025) · Indian Journal of Marketing · doi:10.17010/ijom/2025/v55/i10/175613
Are meta-analytic estimates of team performance relationships robust? Exploring the impact of publication bias and outliers
Espinoza, J. A., Allen, N. J., Su, S., & Thompson, B. (2025) · Team Performance Management · doi:10.1108/tpm-02-2024-0014
Organizational citizenship behavior as a mediator between team cohesion and team effectiveness: A cross-cultural analysis
Kim, S., Love, A., & Park, S. (2025) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1177/17479541251394830
“These ﬁ ndings are reinforced by Grossman et al., 28 who demonstrated through a meta-analysis that behaviorally-focused and task-based cohesion measures yield stronger relationships with performance than attitudinal or socially-focused measures.”
The impact of diversity on the performance of work teams: A global study
Michalička, T., Lančarič, D., NAMBUGE, D., & Munk, M. (2025) · International Labour Review · doi:10.16995/ilr.23795
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Authors: Grossman, R., Nolan, K., Rosch, Z., Mazer, D., & Salas, E.
Affiliations: Hofstra University (US)
Rice University, USA
Corresponding author: Grossman, Rebecca
ORCID: Grossman, Rebecca
Venue: Organizational Psychology Review
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2021-09-09
Volume: 12
Issue: 2
Pages: 181-238
ISSN: 2041-3866 (ISSN-L)
2041-3874
DOI: 10.1177/20413866211041157
OpenAlex: W3199995837
Cited by: 133
References: 218
Citations by year: 2026: 41 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 4
FWCI: 2.16
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Organizational Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
Rice Research Repository (Rice University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Team Dynamics and Performance
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords: team cohesion, team performance, task cohesion, social cohesion, cohesion measurement, team characteristics, performance indicators, team diversity, team heterogeneity, team size, team leadership, team decision-making

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The team cohesion-performance relationship: A meta-analysis exploring measurement approaches and the changing team landscape

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